RESUMOCom a colheita da cana sem queima, espessa camada de palha é depositada sobre o solo. A presença da palha modifica o agroecossistema, exigindo reformulação na tecnologia de manejo da cultura. Na adubação nitrogenada da cana-de-açúcar, a uréia é a fonte de N mais utilizada e, quando aplicada sobre a palha, apresenta elevadas taxas de perda de N-NH 3 por volatilização. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de fontes nitrogenadas em sistema de colheita de cana sem queima prévia por meio de medidas das perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia, da determinação da qualidade e produtividade da cultura. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de um experimento de campo, realizado na região canavieira de Piracicaba (SP), com a terceira soca do cultivar SP 80-1842, cultivado em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arenoso, colhido sem queima e mecanicamente. A dose de nitrogênio foi de 100 kg ha -1 . Os tratamentos estudados foram: T0-testemunha, T1-uréia, T2-uran, T3-uréia + sulfato de amônio e T4-resíduo líquido enriquecido com N. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas por meio de coletores semiabertos estáticos. Os tratamentos T1 e T3 apresentaram maiores perdas por volatilização de NH 3 (36 e 35 %, respectivamente) e os tratamentos T2 e T4 apresentaram menores perdas (15 e 9 %, respectivamente). As soqueiras responderam em produtividade à adubação nitrogenada e às perdas ocorridas por volatilização de N-NH 3 .Termos de indexação: nitrogênio, palha, amônia, adubação nitrogenada.
Termos para indexação: nutrientes, Zea mays, mucuna anã, guandu anão, Crotalaria spectabilis, feijão-de-porco.(1) Suporte financeiro FAPESP. Recebido para publicação em agosto de 2002 e aprovado em dezembro de 2004.
Core Ideas
Humic acid coatings on monoammonium phosphate had no effect on P lability or mobility.
Struvite provided the lesser P mobility among the fertilizers tested.
There was greater P mobility in soils with high sand content and low initial pH.
The fertilizer industry has attempted to increase P mobility and lability after fertilizer application by using nonconventional phosphates or by including additives in the fertilizer formulation. We incubated granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP), sulfur‐coated MAP, humic acid‐coated MAP, triple superphosphate (TSP), ammonium potassium polyphosphate (AKPP), and ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) with soils from the United States and Brazil in Petri dishes for 56 d. We estimated P mobility by measuring P movement away from fertilizer granules and assessed P lability through sequential chemical fractionation of soil collected from the dishes. In addition, we monitored the change in soil pH with distance from fertilizer placed in the Petri dish. Soil pH changed in response to fertilizer additions as a function of initial soil pH. In fertilized soils, the soil pH response followed a quadratic function as the distance from the fertilizer placement site increased. Soil characteristics influenced P mobility, with mobility decreasing from the Hubbard (12% clay; pH 5.3), to Brazil (20% clay; pH 6.5), to Normania (22% clay; pH 5.5), and then Barnes (31% clay; pH 8.0) soil. The use of MAP‐based fertilizers resulted in the greatest mobility, while struvite provided the lowest mobility. In contrast, struvite granules dissolved the least resulting in the highest labile P concentrations, due to direct extraction of fertilizer P from undissolved granules (average of 73% of applied P). Comparatively, TSP provided the lowest amount of labile P (average of 52% applied P). Sulfur and humic acid‐coated MAP had no effect on P lability or mobility.
Adsorption and desorption properties of atrazine and some of its metabolites, hydroxyatrazine (AT-OH), deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), were studied with a clay-rich soil sample (clay content of 53%). A part of this soil was treated with humic acid (Soil-HA) to assess the influence of this important component of natural organic matter on adsorption and desorption processes. This study was performed using the batch approach with 1.0 g of soil, or Soil-HA, in 5.0 mL of 0.010 mol L(-)(1) CaCl(2) solution containing the herbicide and the metabolites in a concentration range between 0.010 and 5.0 mg L(-)(1). After 24 h of contact time, the suspensions were centrifuged and the four compounds were quantified in the supernatant phases by high-performance liquid chromatography. The adsorption and desorption data of both Soil and Soil-HA were properly fitted by the linearized Freundlich equation. For the untreated soil, the adsorption affinity order evaluated as a function of the K(f) values was AT-OH > AT > DIA > DEA, while desorption followed the order DEA > DIA approximately AT > AT-OH. The presence of humic acid increased significantly the adsorption of all compounds, following the same affinity order observed for the untreated soil. Increase in adsorption was especially high for AT-OH and AT. On the other hand, the dealkylated metabolites, DEA and DIA, were more easily desorbed from the Soil-HA sample, suggesting that natural organic matter facilitates the leaching of these compounds. Desorption order in the presence of humic acid was DEA > DIA > AT > AT-OH.
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