Most eukaryotic cells have a primary cilium which acts as a sensory organelle1. Cilia are assembled by intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process mediated by multimeric IFT particles and molecular motors2. Here we show that lymphoid and myeloid cells, which lack primary cilia, express IFT proteins. IFT20, an IFT component essential for ciliary assembly3 , 4, was found to colocalize with both the MTOC and Golgi and post-Golgi compartments in T-lymphocytes. In antigen-specific conjugates, IFT20 translocated to the immune synapse (IS). IFT20 knockdown resulted in impaired TCR/CD3 clustering and signaling at the IS due to defective polarized recycling. Moreover, IFT20 was required for the inducible assembly of a complex with other IFT components (IFT57, IFT88) and the TCR. The results identify IFT20 as a novel regulator of IS assembly in T-cells and provide the first evidence that IFT is implicated in membrane trafficking in cells lacking primary cilia, thereby opening a new perspective on IFT function beyond its role in ciliogenesis.When naive T-cells encounter antigen presenting cells (APC) bearing cognate MHC-bound peptide antigen, a dynamic rearrangement of membrane and cytosolic molecules occurs at the T-cell:APC contact area. This results in the formation of a highly organized interface known as immune synapse (IS), which acts as a platform for signal integration, fine-tuning and extinction5 , 6. A hallmark of the nascent IS is reorientation of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) towards the APC7, which ensures targeted delivery of signaling molecules from intracellular pools to the IS8. This includes the TCR/CD3 complex itself, which is carried to the IS through polarized recycling9. Directional movement of structural and regulatory molecules, orchestrated by the MTOC, is a characteristic feature of primary cilia. These structures, present on most non-dividing cells, act as sensory organelles, relaying information from the external environment into the cell through intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process carried out by multimeric IFT particles and molecular motors2 , 10.At variance with most other eukaryotic cell types, hematopoietic cells lack primary cilia10. Surprisingly, IFT20, an IFT component essential for ciliary assembly3 ,4 , was found to be Correspondence should be addressed to CTB. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNat Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 November 1. Published in final edited form as:Nat Cell Biol. 2009 November ; 11(11): 1332-1339. doi:10.1038/ncb1977. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript expressed in human cells of both lymphoid (peripheral blood lymphocytes, Jurkat T-lymphoma cells) and myeloid (monocytes, monocyte-derived DC) lineages (Fig.1a). Similar results were obtained in the mouse, where IFT20 was detectable in central (thymus, bone marrow) and peripheral (lymph node, spleen) lymphoid organs (Fig.1a). Immunofluorescence analysis of Jurkat cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) showed that IFT20...

The CT and ADM subepithelial grafts were similarly able to successfully treat gingival recession defects; however, the CT group obtained a significantly greater increase in KT, and showed a quicker complete healing.

Membrane fission is an essential process in membrane trafficking and other cellular functions. While many fissioning and trafficking steps are mediated by the large GTPase dynamin, some fission events are dynamin independent and involve C-terminal-binding protein-1/ brefeldinA-ADP ribosylated substrate (CtBP1/BARS). To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of CtBP1/ BARS in fission, we have studied the role of this protein in macropinocytosis, a dynamin-independent endocytic pathway that can be synchronously activated by growth factors. Here, we show that upon activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, CtBP1/BARS is (a) translocated to the macropinocytic cup and its surrounding membrane, (b) required for the fission of the macropinocytic cup and (c) phosphorylated on a specific serine that is a substrate for p21-activated kinase, with this phosphorylation being essential for the fission of the macropinocytic cup. Importantly, we also show that CtBP1/BARS is required for macropinocytic internalization and infection of echovirus 1. These results provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of CtBP1/BARS activation in membrane fissioning, and extend the relevance of CtBP1/BARSinduced fission to human viral infection.

No abstract

Summary  The aim of this investigation was to perform a review of the literature dealing with the issue of relationships between dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A search of the available literature was performed to determine what the current evidence is regarding: (i) The physiology of the dental occlusion–body posture relationship, (ii) The relationship of these two topics with TMD and (iii) The validity of the available clinical and instrumental devices (surface electromyography, kinesiography and postural platforms) to measure the dental occlusion–body posture–TMD relationship. The available posturographic techniques and devices have not consistently found any association between body posture and dental occlusion. This outcome is most likely due to the many compensation mechanisms occurring within the neuromuscular system regulating body balance. Furthermore, the literature shows that TMD are not often related to specific occlusal conditions, and they also do not have any detectable relationships with head and body posture. The use of clinical and instrumental approaches for assessing body posture is not supported by the wide majority of the literature, mainly because of wide variations in the measurable variables of posture. In conclusion, there is no evidence for the existence of a predictable relationship between occlusal and postural features, and it is clear that the presence of TMD pain is not related with the existence of measurable occluso‐postural abnormalities. Therefore, the use instruments and techniques aiming to measure purported occlusal, electromyographic, kinesiographic or posturographic abnormalities cannot be justified in the evidence‐based TMD practice.

No abstract

The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to assess the scientific evidence for detectable correlations between the stomatognathic system and whole-body posture and to provide information on the relevance of posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry. A literature survey was performed using the Medline database, covering the period from January 1966 to May 2009, and using the medical subject headings. After selection, 21 articles qualified for the final analysis. Only one study was judged to be of medium/high quality, with all of the rest classified as of low quality design. Only two studies included follow-up of 28 days and 1 year. Overall, 14 of the studies reported detectable correlations between the stomatognathic system and body posture in at least one of the parameters used, although in four of these studies the authors suggested caution in the interpretation of their data. After a reappraisal of the data provided in 13 of the studies, a weak correlation that reaches biological, but not clinical, relevance is apparent. With limitations because of the poor methodological quality of the present published studies, conclusions are that a correlation between the stomatognathic system and whole-body posture can be detected, at least under experimental conditions; although posturography has little relevance in the monitoring of body posture responses to changes in the stomatognathic system (including temporomandibular disorders). While more investigations with improved levels of scientific evidence are needed, the current evidence does not support the usefulness of posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry.

As an adjunct to standard methods based upon radiographic parameters, the GCF ALP may be a candidate as a non-invasive clinical biomarker for the identification of the pubertal growth spurt in periodontally healthy subjects scheduled for orthodontic treatment.