No abstract

Giant cerebriform naevi (GCN) are rare scalp lesions which require surgery because of their growth potential and possible malignant behaviour. Three cases of GCN underwent excision and primary repair of the scalp. In one case secondary repair by skin expansion was performed. The histological and immunohistochemical studies showed both melanocytic and neuroid differentiation of the growing cells and characterized the lesions as GCNs. S-100 protein, neurono specific enolase and somatostatin-like cell immunostains were in agreement with the neuroectodermal histogenesis of GCNs suggesting their hamartomatous nature.

Two patients presented with multicystic lymphatic malformations of the penis. These were congenital and progressive, and both were successfully treated by excision after injection of methylene blue.

1 | INTRODUC TI ON 'True' gynaecomastia is defined as the unilateral or bilateral benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from the proliferation of ductal tissue, as opposed to pseudogynecomastia, also termed lipomastia, which is caused by increased breast fat deposition (Ersoz, 2002). Apart from generating discomfort and psychological distress, especially in adolescents, where it represents a gender-incongruent development (Kanakis, 2019), gynaecomastia may be a sign of underlying relevant diseases (Braunstein, 1993). The prevalence of gynaecomastia ranges from 30% to 65%, depending on the subjects studied and the diagnostic criteria used (Costanzo, 2018; Ersoz, 2002; Nuttall, 2015). Gynaecomastia has long been considered the result of systemic or local (breast) imbalance between oestrogens and androgens, with the former stimulating while the latter inhibiting breast growth. Therefore, a relative or absolute oestrogen excess or androgen deficiency can cause gynaecomastia (Ersoz, 2002). During man's lifetime, a relative imbalance between oestrogens and androgens may temporarily occur during three phases: infancy, puberty and senility (Kanakis, 2019). The increasing concentrations of maternal oestrogens, progesterone and mammotropic peptides after birth can cause gynaecomastia in 65%-90% of all male newborns. Subsequently, gynaecomastia may persist, disappear definitively or transiently and then reappear in the first