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The literature analysis revealed that even in immunocompetent/otherwise healthy individuals mucormycosis infection has a worldwide distribution. What might be the real predisposing factors involved in its pathogenesis in such patients and the real causes of this peculiar geographic distribution still remains unknown. It is likely that, in our cases, a chronic insult of a well-defined and localized body area might have resulted in a local immunocompromission, thus fostering the development of an invasive fungal infection.

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We may hypothesize that anxiety could determine a secondary demoralization in BMS patients (depression) and depressive symptoms could contribute to pain, accordingly. Therefore, pain could be a somatic feature of depression. Our findings provide an example of a possible pathogenetic model for BMS.

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Background Pediatric cancer incidence has been steadily increasing over the last several decades with the largest increases reported in infants. Few evaluations have looked at international pediatric cancer incidence trends in the youngest children. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate trends in cancer incidence in children under 5 years of age, overall and by type, using data from Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5) from 1988 to 2012 (CI5 volumes VII–XI). Methods Rates of cancers in children ages 0–4 years were extracted from registries available in CI5 from 1988 to 2012. To overcome small numbers in individual registries, numerators and denominators were aggregated within regions corresponding to the United Nations’ geoscheme. Average annual percent change (AAPC) was estimated using Poisson regression.  Robust standard errors were used in all models to correct for overdispersion in some regions, and 95% Wald confidence intervals and P values were reported. The top five cancers by increasing AAPC were ranked within each region. Results Overall, in children under 5 years, increasing incidence was seen in multiple regions for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, ependymal tumors, neuroblastoma, and hepatoblastoma. Hepatoblastoma had the largest AAPC in 11 out of 15 regions and showed an increase in all regions except southern Asia. Astrocytic tumors were the only cancer that decreased over the time period. Conclusions We evaluated 25 years of cancer incidence in children ages 0–4 years and observed increases in incidence for hepatoblastoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and ependymal tumors. Further etiologic evaluation will be required to explain these increases in incidence.

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Objectives To evaluate the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) by comparing the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) tests, assessing their dependence with pain, anxiety and depression and, secondly, to analyse the changes in time after treatment with psychotropic drugs. Methods Twenty‐six patients and 26 controls were included. The GOHAI, OHIP‐14, visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety (HAM‐D and HAM‐A) were performed at baseline (time 0) and after 6 months of treatment (time 1). Descriptive statistics, the Mann‐Whitney non‐parametric test for two independent samples and the Wilcoxon non‐parametric test for two paired samples were used. Results The scores from all outcome measurements were statistically significantly different between the cases and controls (P < .001) with a strong correlation between the GOHAI and the OHIP‐14 (P < .001). The BMS patients showed a statistically significant improvement in the VAS, HAM‐D and HAM‐A scores from time 0 to time 1 (P < 0.001), and in the OHIP‐14 scores (P < .004**) after the treatment, but no statistically significant difference in the GOHAI score (.464). Conclusions Burning mouth syndrome patients showed poorer scores on all scales compared to the healthy subjects with a lower OHRQoL. OHIP‐14 gives a greater weight to psychological and behavioural outcomes in evaluating oral health than GOHAI, and therefore, it is a more effective questionnaire in terms of the evaluation of the treatment response. The management of BMS can improve pain, anxiety and depression and the OHRQoL.