Assessment of oral health‐related quality of life, measured by OHIP‐14 and GOHAI, and psychological profiling in burning mouth syndrome: A case‐control clinical study

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) by comparing the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) tests, assessing their dependence with pain, anxiety and depression and, secondly, to analyse the changes in time after treatment with psychotropic drugs. Methods Twenty‐six patients and 26 controls were included. The GOHAI, OHIP‐14, visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety (HAM‐D and HAM‐A) were performed at baseline (time 0) and after 6 months of treatment (time 1). Descriptive statistics, the Mann‐Whitney non‐parametric test for two independent samples and the Wilcoxon non‐parametric test for two paired samples were used. Results The scores from all outcome measurements were statistically significantly different between the cases and controls (P < .001) with a strong correlation between the GOHAI and the OHIP‐14 (P < .001). The BMS patients showed a statistically significant improvement in the VAS, HAM‐D and HAM‐A scores from time 0 to time 1 (P < 0.001), and in the OHIP‐14 scores (P < .004**) after the treatment, but no statistically significant difference in the GOHAI score (.464). Conclusions Burning mouth syndrome patients showed poorer scores on all scales compared to the healthy subjects with a lower OHRQoL. OHIP‐14 gives a greater weight to psychological and behavioural outcomes in evaluating oral health than GOHAI, and therefore, it is a more effective questionnaire in terms of the evaluation of the treatment response. The management of BMS can improve pain, anxiety and depression and the OHRQoL.

General health status of a sample of patients with burning mouth syndrome: A case–control study

“…Anxiety and depression play critical roles in BMS according to the latest systematic review and meta‐analysis published by Galli et al (2017) and some studies subsequent to this paper (Adamo et al, 2019; Honda et al, 2019; Yoo et al, 2018). There are previous studies like Schiavone et al (2012); Lee, Kim, and Kim (2019) and Yoo et al (2018) that used SCL‐90‐R questionnaire.…”

“…The most used questionnaires when assessing the effects of BMS in patients’ oral quality of life have been OHIP: OHIP‐49 questionnaire (Lopez‐Jornet et al, 2008; Souza et al, 2011) or OHIP‐14 questionnaire (Acharya, Carlen, et al, 2018; Adamo et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2015; Lopez‐Jornet et al, 2014, 2015; Yang et al, 2018). The results of some of these studies found that BMS obtained higher scores than controls (Lee et al, 2015; Lopez‐Jornet et al, 2014, 2015).…”

“…BMS, like other persistent pains, is usually accompanied by depression, anxiety (Adamo et al, 2018; Galli, Lodi, Sardella, & Vegni, 2017; IHS, 2018; Jaaskelainen & Woda, 2017; Mitsikostas, Ljubisavljevic, & Deligianni, 2017) and poor sleep quality (Adamo et al, 2018). There are studies that have analysed the possible association between the use of different drugs such as anxiolytics (Azzi et al, 2019) and antihypertensives (Adamo et al, 2019; Azzi et al, 2019) and BMS but have found some controversy. On the other hand, there are studies that have found that BMS patients have low levels of vitamin B1, B2, B6 and B12; folic acid; iron; zinc; mineral deficiencies; and an increase in glucose levels (Acharya, Carlen, Wenneberg, Jontell, & Hagglin, 2018; Lin et al, 2013; Morr Verenzuela, Davis, Bruce, & Torgerson, 2017).…”

“…Regarding the quality of life of BMS patients, all the studies remark a decrease in the quality of life. The presence of comorbidities, the affectation of the emotional state and the greater sensitivity to pain make the quality of life of these patients clearly affected (Acharya, Hagglin, et al, 2018; Adamo et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2015; Lopez‐Jornet et al, 2015; Souza et al, 2011).…”

Patient Expectations of Visiting Department of Oral Medicine for Burning Mouth Syndrome: Relationship between Expectations and Clinical and Psychological Characteristics

“…Previous studies revealed that BMS has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients, but individualized management can improve the patient-reported outcomes including intraoral pain and quality of life [5,14]. For tailored approach, knowledge on the priorities and expectations of patients is valuable.…”