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In a comparative assessment of the pre‐pandemic living conditions of migrants and refugees in six South American countries, we analyse the structural and contingent challenges imposed by the COVID‐19 pandemic on these populations. We argue that they are particularly exposed to the harmful effects of the pandemic, given their segmented incorporation into labour markets and their limited and fragmented access to and exercise of health, housing, and other social rights. The evidence points to a significant deterioration in their livelihoods and social inclusion, and potential profound changes in (im)mobility regimes caused by pandemic‐induced restrictive measures.

Esta obra reúne un trabajo de investigación inédito con énfasis cualitativo sobre la migración venezolana en el más reciente contexto de crisis humanitaria, privilegiando el examen de los contextos de acogida intrarregionales y extrarregionales. El producto final es el resultado de un diseño de investigación único aplicado en trece ciudades latinoamericanas durante el segundo semestre de 2018, por más de una treintena de investigadoras e investigadores latinoamericanos. Asimismo, incluye una descripción detallada de las condiciones de vida en Venezuela y del contexto de salida de esta migración. El problema de investigación que se aborda permite conocer cómo, al amparo de los marcos jurídicos vigentes, se producen los procesos de inclusión social de un flujo masivo, con poca experiencia de migración internacional, que huye de una crisis humanitaria dirigiéndose a países, alguno de los cuales también tienen poca o nula experiencia como contextos de acogida de la migración de este origen. La evidencia cualitativa recogida a través de más de 200 entrevistas semiestructuradas, combinada con la revisión exhaustiva de fuentes secundarias de información sobre la magnitud y perfil del flujo de venezolanos y el análisis de los instrumentos de protección jurídica vigentes a nivel nacional y regional, evidencian de qué manera los distintos contextos de acogida se han estructurado en torno a un gradiente de desprotección-seguridad jurídica. Este gradiente abarca desde el diseño y aplicación de instrumentos y acciones coyunturales, dentro de los que se encuentran las respuestas de Colombia, Chile, Perú o Brasil, hasta la implementación de marcos normativos más amplios, que como en el caso uruguayo o mexicano entienden a la migración desde el enfoque de derechos. La multiplicidad de respuestas nacionales y regionales para un flujo que superaba hacia 2017 los tres millones de personas, da lugar a distintas trayectorias individuales y familiares hacia la inclusión social que aquí analizamos atendiendo al acceso al trabajo, a la vivienda, salud, educación y seguridad social. Esta obra constituye a la literatura académica sobre migración internacional con hallazgos que interpelan las clasificaciones binarias de países de inmigración/emigración, al dar cuenta de las transformaciones más recientes de las migraciones sur-sur donde priman la heterogeneidad de motivaciones de la migración y la coexistencia de flujos de tránsito, emigración e inmigración.

This paper aims to contribute to the debate on the increasing inequalities in access to water and the concentration of the deficit among certain population groups. In particular, it seeks a better understanding of the multiple inequalities of access to water that can exist within a community that lacks a water supply system. Data collection took place in the community of Cristais (Ceará) and included the application of 232 questionnaires to all of the community's heads of household between May and July 2014. The findings reveal that the conditions of access to water in relation to quantity and physical and economic accessibility are not uniform within the community of Cristais and these inequalities derive from the various forms of vulnerability found in the community. Understanding how these inequalities in access function within an excluded group can contribute to the development of more effective public policies to tackle this problem.

There has been a lack of attention given -in both academic literature and in research training -to providing graduate students with the necessary knowledge and skills to write for publication. The aim of this article is to explore our experiences of participating in a three-day residential postgraduate writing and publishing workshop that was designed to address skills provision in these terms. We reflect upon three specific issues in particular: demystifying the writing and publishing process, being mentored in a multidisciplinary context, and the politics and practices of co-authorship. The benefits of our participation in this workshop included increased confidence in writing, gaining the tools for navigating the publishing process, and personal and professional development as writers and scholars. We conclude by proposing that residential writing and publishing workshops might usefully be made available to a broader range of graduate students. ConclusionsParticipating in this multidisciplinary writing and publishing workshop was very positive and encouraging for 'These kids can't write abstracts' 467 'These kids can't write abstracts' 469

The COVID-19 health crisis has put to the test Latin America’s already precarious social protection systems. This paper comparatively examines what type of social protection has been provided, by whom, and to what extent migrant and refugee populations have been included in these programmes in seven countries of the region during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and December 2020. We develop a typology of models of social protection highlighting the assemblages of actors, different modes of protection and the emerging migrants’ subjectification in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay in relation to Non-Contributory Social Transfer (NCST) programmes and other actions undertaken by state and non-state actors. The analysis is based on 85 semi-structured interviews with representatives of national and local governments, International Organisations, Civil Society Organisations, and migrant-led organisations across 16 cities, and a systematic review of regulatory frameworks in the country-case studies. The proposed typology shows broad heterogeneity and complexity regarding different degrees of inclusion of migrant and refugee populations, particularly in pre-existing and new NCST programmes. These actions are furthering notions of migrant protection that are contingent and crisis-driven, imposing temporal limitations that often selectively exclude migrants based on legal status. It also brings to the fore the path-dependent nature of policies and practices of exclusion/inclusion in the region, which impact on migrants’ effective access to social and economic rights, while shaping the broader dynamics of migration governance in the region.

The complex social, economic and political situation faced by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has engendered the largest human displacement in Latin America's recent history, leading over 5 million people to flee the country since 2014. As of December 2019, 224,000 of those fleeing had crossed the border into Brazil, half of whom have requested international protection as refugees, making the country the second