A classe trabalhadora no século XXI, em plena era da globalização, é mais fragmentada, mais heterogênea e ainda mais diversificada. Pode-se constatar, neste processo, uma perda significativa de direitos e de sentidos, em sintonia com o caráter destrutivo do capital vigente. O sistema de metabolismo, sob controle do capital, tornou o trabalho ainda mais precarizado, por meio das formas de subempregado, desempregado, intensificando os níveis de exploração para aqueles que trabalham. Esse processo é bastante distinto, entretanto, das teses que propugnam o fim do trabalho. Este texto explora alguns dos significados e das dimensões das mudanças que vêm ocorrendo no mundo do trabalho.
A B S T R A C T -The classification of short duration events in the EEG during sleep, as the A stage of the cyclic a l t e rnating pattern (CAP) is a tedious and error prone task. The number of events under normal conditions is large (several hundreds), and it is necessary to mark the limits of the events with precision, otherwise the time sensitive classification of the CAP phases (A and B) and specially the scoring of diff e rent types of A phases will be compromised. The objective of this study is to verify the feasibility of visual CAP scoring with only one channel of EEG, the evaluation of the inter-s c o rer agreement in a variety of re c o rd i n g s , and the comparison of the visual scorings with a known automatic scoring system. Sixteen hours of one channel (C4-A1 or C3-A2) of NREM sleep were extracted from eight whole night re c o rdings in Euro p e a n Data Format and presented to the diff e rent scorers. The average inter-s c o rer agreement for all scorers is above 70%, the pair wise inter-scorer agreement found was between 69% up to 77.5%. These values are similar to what has been reported in different type studies. The automatic scoring system has similar performance of the visual scorings. The study also has shown that it is possible to classify the CAP using only one channel of EEG.KEY WORDS: cyclic alternating pattern, CAP, sleep, visual scoring, automatic scoring. Estagiamento visual e automático do padrão alternante cíclico (CAP)RESUMO -A classificação dos eventos de curta duração no EEG durante o sono, como a fase A do padrão a l t e rnante cíclico (CAP) é tarefa tediosa e propensa ao erro. O número de eventos é geralmente grande (centenas ao milhar), e é necessário marcar os limites dos eventos com precisão, caso contrário tanto a classificação das duas fases do CAP como a distinção dos diferentes tipos de fases A podem ser compro m e t idas. O objetivo deste estudo é a avaliação da concordância inter-e s t a g i a d o res no CAP tanto visual quanto automático usando um único canal de EEG, a avaliação do acordo inter-e s t a g i a d o res em uma variedade das gravações, e a comparação das classificações visuais com um sistema classificador automático. Dezesseis horas de um canal (C4-A1 ou C3-A2) do sono de NREM foram extraídas de oito gravações inteiras da noite no Formato de dados Europeus e apresentadas a diferentes classificadores, o acordo médio inter-e s t ag i a d o res para todas as classificações está acima de 70%, o acordo inter-e s t a g i a d o res do par encontrado e n t re 69% até 77,5%. Estes valores são similares ao que foi relatado nos diferentes tipos de estudos. O sistema marcador automático tem o desempenho similar aos dos classificadores visuais. O estudo também mostrou que é possível classificar o CAP usando somente um canal de EEG. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: padrão alternante cíclico, CAP, sono, estagiamento visual, estagiamento automático.The classification of short duration events in sleep EEG like the A phase of the cyclic alternating patt e rn 1 (CAP) is a tedious and error ...
We have previously demonstrated that 3-month-old rats submitted to 50% intrauterine food restriction showed a decreased number of nephrons with increased glomerular diameter, a fact that suggests compensatory hypertrophy. In the present study, we extended the investigation and performed serial blood pressure measurements and renal function evaluation in 8- and 12-week-old rats submitted to 50% intrauterine food restriction (groups R8 and R12) and in age-matched control rats (groups C8 and C12). After weaning, six to eight animals from each group received oral supplements of 2% L-arginine ( L-arg) solution for 4 or 8 weeks (groups CA8, CA12, RA8, RA12). Our findings showed that mean blood pressure (MBP), which was significantly increased from 8 weeks on in R rats, markedly decreased after L-arg supplementation. In control animals, no alterations in MBP were observed with L-arg. Proteinuria was within normal limits in all groups studied but L-arg caused a significant decrease in this parameter in both the RA8 and RA12 groups. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, ml/min per kg) was significantly decreased in the C8 control group (3.75+/-0.12) and in both restricted groups R8 and R12, (2.47+/-0.13 and 3.76+/-0.16, respectively) compared with the C12 group (6.09+/-0.31; P<0.05 for all comparisons). L-Arg caused an increase in GFR only in the younger groups, C8 and R8. In a separate set of experiments, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation was examined in mesenteric arteries. The R12 group showed a significant impairment of the response to ACh, which returned to normal values after L-arg supplementation. Urinary excretion of NO(x) (NO3- + NO2-) was significantly decreased in 8- and 12-week-old food-restricted rats relative to control rats. Our data indicate that, besides the known decrease in absolute nephron number, disturbances in the production/sensitivity to the L-arg-nitric oxide system may contribute to the early appearance of hypertension in the offspring of mothers submitted to significant food restriction.
Trabalho e reestruturação produtiva no Brasil neoliberal -Precarização do trabalho e redundância salarialResumo: O objetivo do artigo é tratar das mutações sociais que ocorrem no mundo do trabalho a partir da era neoliberal no Brasil. Examina-se a precarização do trabalho como sendo elemento compositivo do novo metabolismo social que emerge com a reestruturação produtiva do capital e a constituição do Estado neoliberal. Apresenta-se como bases objetivas da precarização do trabalho, a intensificação (e ampliação) da exploração (e espoliação) da força de trabalho, o desmonte de coletivos de trabalho e de resistência sindical-corporativa; assim como a fragmentação social nas cidades em virtude do crescimento exacerbado do desemprego em massa. Palavras-chave: trabalho, capitalismo, reestruturação produtiva, sindicalismo. Work and Productive Restructuring in Neoliberal Brazil -Precariousness of Work and Salary RedundancyAbstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the social mutations that occur in the world of labor based on the neoliberal era in Brazil. It examines the precariousness of work as being an element that composes the new social metabolism that emerges with the productive restructuring of capital and the constitution of the neoliberal State. It presents as the objective causes of the increased precariousness of work the intensification and expansion of the exploitation and plundering of the labor force, the dismounting of labor collectives and of corporate-union resistance; as well as the social fragmentation in the cities due to the exacerbated growth of mass unemployment.
Accessions of Gossypium spp., some of them never previously tested, were evaluated for resistance to a local isolate of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 in greenhouse experiments. Nematode infection was characterized based on the galling and egg mass indexes and the reproduction factors (RF). Root-knot nematode reproduction among the newly tested accessions varied from highly susceptible (AS0188, AS0189) to moderately resistant (MT123 no. 3), and some accessions showed highly reduced nematode reproduction (CIR1343, CIR1348, Fai Mui). Histological observations of two resistant accessions (G. barbadense CIR1348 and G. hirsutum TX-25, respectively) showed that resistance occurs through a two-stage mechanism in the first accession and through a single-stage mechanism in the second. Parasitism is blocked early after second-stage juvenile (J2) penetration or during its initial tissue migration (CIR1348) and the development of later-stage juveniles into female adults is suppressed at a later stage (TX-25 and CIR1348). Fluorescence and bright light microscopy showed that root cells surrounding nematodes exhibit a hypersensitivity-like reaction, with the accumulation of presumably phenolic compounds and the presence of necrotic cells that limit the development of nematodes and the formation of giant cells. Underdeveloped giant cells with degenerated cytoplasmic content were found in small numbers in CIR1348 and in large numbers in TX-25, along with deformed nematodes. The full characterization of the defence mechanisms of novel sources of resistance to the root-knot nematode in cotton constitutes a first step towards their use in crop improvement.
A trajetória do sindicalismo no Brasil de 1978 a 1998 aparece como uma passagem, no plano da estratégia sindical, da confrontação à cooperação conflitiva, ou ainda, da luta de classes na produção para uma "convergência antagônica", ou um sindicalismo de participação ou de "concertação social", que é, nada mais, nada menos, que um defensivismo de novo tipo, de cariz neocorporativo. O que procuramos caracterizar aqui é a prevalência progressiva na prática sindical hegemônica da CUT nos anos 90 desse neocorporativismo operário, que tende a debilitar a perspectiva de classe que caracterizou a luta política e sindical no Brasil dos anos 80.
The association of insect-resistant plants with biological control is important in integrated management to reduce the density of pests below the economic injury level. The behavior, development, and prédation of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied with the prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J, E. Smith, 1797) fed on the leaves of the cotton cultivars 'NuOpal' (transgenic), 'DeltaOpal,' 'EMX 910,' 'EMX 993,' or 'FMX 996' (conventional). The attraction of P. nigrispinus to S. frugiperda larvae fed on different cotton cultivars was similar. The prédation of nymphs and adults, and the life cycle of the P. nigrispinus predator were higher for S. frugiperda larvae fed on the NuOpal; however, the total viability of P, nigrispinus was lower when predating on S. frugiperda fed the NuOpal. S, frugiperda acquires toxins from transgenic cotton, which can affect its natural predator P. nigrispinus.
O toyotismo é a “ideologia orgânica” do novo complexo de reestruturação produtiva do capital que encontra nas novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação e no sóciometabolismo da barbárie, a materialidade sócio-técnica (e psicossocial) adequada à nova produção de mercadorias. Existe uma intensa sinergia entre inovações organizacionais, inovações tecnológicas e inovações só cio-metabólicas, constituindo o novo empreendimento capitalista que coloca novos elementos para a luta de classes no século XXI. Esta é a marca da “cooperação complexa” da nora produção do capital.
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