The history of Lithuanian psychology parallels the sociopolitical history of the country. Due to repeated occupations of the country and other unfavorable conditions, scientific thought and innovations were delayed for decades. Development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in three periods: (1) interwar (1918–1940), (2) Soviet occupation (1940–1990), and (3) regained independence (since 1990). Institutionalization of psychology is analyzed in four aspects: research, development of studies, applied practice, and scientific communication. The beginning of the professional psychology in Lithuania is inseparable from the establishment and activity of the University of Lithuania (later Vytautas Magnus University). Major tasks and activities that the first Lithuanian psychologists undertook during the interwar period were the dissemination of scientific psychological knowledge. Scientific research was consistent with the tendencies established in European psychology, in particular German psychology. During the Soviet period one of the positive facts was an increasing number of professional psychologists due to the renewal of studies (including doctoral studies) in psychology at Vilnius University. However, Lithuania never had state-supported institutions for scientific research in psychology. Due to the restoration of independence in 1990, more educational establishments (at present five universities) provide instruction for psychologists, new curricula of studies are being launched according to the internationally confirmed standard, the relationship of psychology with various practical fields is strengthening, and numerous institutions offer a wide variety of psychological services.
Straipsnyje pristatoma lietuviška streso įveikos vertinimo metodika. Ji sudaryta naudojant empirinę skalių konstravimo strategiją. Darbas atliktas trimis etapais. Pirmuose dviejuose, panaudojus aiškinamosios aktorinės analizės matematinį modelį, pradinis teiginių skaičius – 167 buvo sumažintas iki 24, jie priskirti keturiems faktoriams: socialinės paramos, problemų sprendimo, emocinės iškrovos ir vengimo. Trečiojo tyrimo etapo metu įvertintos kai kurios klausimyno psichometrinės savybės. Nustatyta, kad išskirti faktoriai paaiškina 47,93 proc. duomenų dispersijos. Gauti tokie skalių vidinio suderinamumo (Cronbacho α rodikliai: socialinė parama (α = 0,832), problemų sprendimas (α = 0,760), emocinė iškrova (α = 0,721), vengimas (α = 0,624). Patvirtinančiosios faktorinės analizės rezultatai rodo patenkinamą pasirinkto keturių faktorių modelio tinkamumą: Chi-Square = 140,81; RMSEA = 0,055; GFI = 0,89; CFI = 0,87; NNFI = 0,84. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: streso įveika, streso įveikos strategijos, streso įveikos matavimas. COPING WITH STRESS QUESTIONNAIRE: APPLICATION OF THE FOUR-FACTOR MODELŽygimantas Grakauskas, Gintautas Valickas SummaryThe article introduces the Lithuanian stress coping assessment method. The lack of stress coping assessment methods adapted for the Lithuanian population fostered its composition. The method was constructed using the strategy of empirical scale development. The research was carried out in three stages. In the first and second stages, statements were selected from various stress coping questionnaires (WCQ, COPE, CISS etc.) and classified using the mathematical model of explanatory factor analysis. In the first stage, the original list consisting of 167 statements was submitted to 178 participants of the study. In the second stage, the list consisting of 90 statements was submitted to 147 participants. The participants were students of Vilnius University and the General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, average age – 20.4 years. On the basis of mathematical criteria and semantic analysis of the statements, the number of the statements was reduced to 24 in the final version of the questionnaire; 4 factors were xtracted: social support, problem solving, emotional discharge, avoidance. 208 participants took part in the third stage of the study, during which some psychometrical characteristics of the questionnaire were assessed. It was established that these four factors explain for 47.93 per cent of data dispersion. The following indexes of scales reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) were found: social support (α = 0.832), problem solving (α = 0.760), emotional discharge (α = 0.721), avoidance (α = 0.624). Confirmatory factor analysis data indicate a satisfactory suitability of the model of four factors (Chi-Square = 140.81; RMSEA = 0.055; GFI = 0.89; CFI = 0.87; NNFI = 0.84).While composing the questionnaire, the problem of optimal balance was encountered between choosing a good method in the sense of content and a method distinctive characterized by good psychometrical characteristics. There is a plan in the future to verify the psychometrical characteristic of the composed stress coping assessment method on the basis of data of a more representative sample, to assess the relation of the questionnaire to the other methods of stress coping and to improve separate scales of the questionnaire, especially those dealing with the factor of avoidance. Keywords: coping with stress, stress coping strategies, stress coping measurement.
Siekiant įvertinti keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno psichometrinius rodiklius, buvo atlikti trys tyrimai, kuriuose iš viso dalyvavo 831 tiriamasis. Klausimynas buvo tobulinamas atsižvelgiant į anksčiau gautus patikimumo ir validumo rezultatus (Grakauskas ir Valickas, 2006). Jo patikimumas buvo tikrinamas taikant vidinio suderinamumo metodą, pakartotinį matavimą ir apskaičiuojant teiginių homogeniškumo rodiklius, o konstrukto validumas – taikant tiriančiąją ir patvirtinančiąją faktorinę analizę, taip pat dviejų klausimynų skalių įverčių koreliacinę analizę. Gauti šie skalių vidinio suderinamumo (Cronbacho alpha) rodikliai: socialinė parama (α = 0,864), problemų sprendimas (α = 0,760), emocinė iškrova(α = 0,692), vengimas (α = 0,661). Nustatytos tokios pirmos ir pakartotinės apklausos skalių įverčių vidurkių tarpusavio koreliacijos (taikytas Pearsono koreliacijos koeficientas): socialinės paramos – 0,802, problemų sprendimo – 0,791, emocinės iškrovos – 0,68, vengimo – 0,63. Išskirti keturi faktoriai yra stabilūs, paaiškina 48,504 proc. duomenų dispersijos, o visų faktoriams priskirtų teiginių apkrovos viršija 0,4 ribą (svyruoja nuo 0,415 iki 0,832). Patvirtinančiosios faktorinės analizės rezultatai rodo patenkinamą pasirinkto keturių faktorių modelio tinkamumą: χ² = 287,58, df =74; RMSEA = 0,077; GFI = 0,93; CFI = 0,87; NFI = 0,84. Keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno ir įveikos strategijų klausimyno (COPE) skalės, kurių prasmė panaši, statistiškai reikšmingai koreliuoja tarpusavyje (Pearsono koreliacijos koeficientai svyruoja nuo 0,360 iki 0,809).Pagrindiniai žodžiai: streso įveika, keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno patikimumas ir validumas.Psychometric characteristics of the improved four-factor coping with stress questionnaire Gintautas Valickas, Paulina Želvienė, Žygimantas Grakauskas SummaryThe article presents the process of improving the Lithuanian coping with stress questionnaire (Grakauskas ir Valickas, 2006). To assess the reliability and construct validity of the four-factor questionnaire, three studies with the participation of 831 respondents were conducted. The respondents were students of Vilnius University (average age 21.04 years) and of Vilnius gymnasiums (average age 16.42 years). In the first study, the questionnaire was submitted to 417, in the second study to 103 and in the third study to 311 respondents. In the first and second studies, statements of the questionnaire were improved, and the four-factor structure of the questionnaire was assessed. In the third study we assessed some psychometrical characteristics of the questionnaire. The following indexes of scales’ internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) were found: social support (α = 0.864), problem solving (α = 0.760), emotional venting (α = 0.692), avoidance (α = 0.661). The test–retest score reliability (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) varied from 0.630 (avoidance scale) to 0.802 (social support scale) (test–retest time interval was two weeks). It has been established that four factors of the questionnaire explained 48.504 per cent of data dispersion. The exploratory factor analysis also indicated a satisfactory suitability of scale items (factor loadings varied from 0.415 to 0.832). Confirmatory factor analysis data indicate a satisfactory suitability of the model of four factors (χ² = 287.58, df =74; RMSEA = 0.077; GFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.87; NFI = 0.84). A correlation between the four-factor coping with stress questionnaire and the COPE questionnaire was also assessed. The Pearson’s correlation indexes between similar scales of the two questionnaires varied from 0,360 to 0,809.Differences were also found between age and gender. University students used the problem solving and social support stress coping strategy more often than gymnasium students, while women used the social support, avoidance and emotional venting stress coping strategy more often than men.Key words: coping with stress, reliability and validity of the four-factor coping with stress questionnaire.
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