The history of Lithuanian psychology parallels the sociopolitical history of the country. Due to repeated occupations of the country and other unfavorable conditions, scientific thought and innovations were delayed for decades. Development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in three periods: (1) interwar (1918–1940), (2) Soviet occupation (1940–1990), and (3) regained independence (since 1990). Institutionalization of psychology is analyzed in four aspects: research, development of studies, applied practice, and scientific communication. The beginning of the professional psychology in Lithuania is inseparable from the establishment and activity of the University of Lithuania (later Vytautas Magnus University). Major tasks and activities that the first Lithuanian psychologists undertook during the interwar period were the dissemination of scientific psychological knowledge. Scientific research was consistent with the tendencies established in European psychology, in particular German psychology. During the Soviet period one of the positive facts was an increasing number of professional psychologists due to the renewal of studies (including doctoral studies) in psychology at Vilnius University. However, Lithuania never had state-supported institutions for scientific research in psychology. Due to the restoration of independence in 1990, more educational establishments (at present five universities) provide instruction for psychologists, new curricula of studies are being launched according to the internationally confirmed standard, the relationship of psychology with various practical fields is strengthening, and numerous institutions offer a wide variety of psychological services.
In the contemporary world, career counseling professionals need to focus on skills that help people bring benefit from positive chances and minimize the damage of negative events. The Planned Happenstance Career Inventory (PHCI) was created to measure these skills. The main aim of the present study was to test the dimensionality and concurrent validity of the PHCI scores in a Lithuanian student sample. A heterogeneous sample of undergraduates participated in the study ( N = 1,064). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed four interrelated planned happenstance skill factors. A fifth––the flexibility factor––was found to function in a separate manner. To further test for concurrent validity, the PHCI scores were correlated with a range of positive career development variables, namely, goal adjustment, academic major satisfaction, and vocational identity. The results supported the hypothesized links, thereby providing evidence on the validity of PHCI scores among Lithuanian students.
Didėjant internetinės komunikacijos pritaikymo populiarumui, internetas tapo svarbiu socialiniu paauglių raidos kontekstu. Paskutiniais duomenimis, Lietuvoje „Facebook’o“ vartotojų yra jau daugiau kaip 1 mln., o penktadalis jų – 13–17 metų paaugliai. Naudojimosi socialiniais tinklais motyvus nagrinėję tyrėjai teigia, kad pagrindinis motyvas, skatinantis individus naudotis interneto socialiniais tinklais, yra poreikis palengvinti psichosocialines problemas, pavyzdžiui: vienišumą, tačiau nesutariama, ar internetas praplečia realaus bendravimo ribas, ar užima jo vietą, ar padeda išspręsti individo psichosocialines problemas, ar sukelia naujų problemų. Šio tyrimo tikslas – ištirti paauglių naudojimosi interneto socialiniu tinklu „Facebook“ pobūdžio sąsajas su jaučiamu vienišumu bei asmenybės bruožais.Tyrime dalyvavo 175 paaugliai, kurie mokosi 8–10 klasėse. Tiriamųjų amžius nuo 13 iki 18 metų (M = 15,44; SD = 1,102). Tiriamieji pildė anketą apie naudojimąsi interneto socialiniu tinklu „Facebook“, ULCA vienišumo skalę (3 versija, Russell, 1996), Asmenybės bruožų klausimyną NEO-FFI (Costa and McCrae, 1992).Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad „Facebook“ socialiniame tinkle yra užsiregistravę 81,1 procento tirtų paauglių, kurie tam tinklui skiria labai daug savo laiko, skelbia daug asmeninės informacijos tinklo profiliuose, nepakankamai dėmesio skirdami privatumo išsaugojimui. „Facebook’e“ paaugliai susiranda daug „draugų“, nors vyrauja santykių perkėlimas iš realybės į internetą. Tyrimas parodė, kad paauglių veikla tinkle yra dvejopo pobūdžio: socialiai aktyvi ir socialiai pasyvi. Asmenybės bruožai taip pat turi įtakos paauglių elgsenai: neurotiškų paauglių veikla „Facebook“ tinkle yra socialiai pasyvaus pobūdžio; ekstravertiškiems paaugliams neužtenka tik internetinio bendravimo, todėl jie linkę realiai susitikti su žmonėmis, su kuriais susipažino tame tinkle; paaugliai, kurių stipriai išreikštas sąmoningumo bruožas, yra neaktyvūs „Facebook’o“ naudotojai, o tarp vienišumo jausmą išgyvenančių paauglių labai išryškėjo socialiai pasyvios veiklos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: „Facebook“ socialinis tinklas, asmenybės bruožai, vienišumas, veikla socialiniame tinkle. ADOLESCENT ACTIVITY VS PASSIVITY ON SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES AND ITS RELATIONS WITH LONELINESS AND PERSONALITY TRAITSBirutė Pociūtė, Erika KrancaitėSummaryWith the growing popularity of Internet communication among adolescents, the Internet has become an important social context of their development. Recent data have revealed that there are already are over 1 million Facebook users in Lithuania; one-fifth of Facebook users consists of adolescents 13–17 years old. Investigators have assumed that one of the main reasons encouraging individuals to use social network websites is to facilitate psychosocial problems such as loneliness. Scientists are discussing the Internet possibilities to extend the limits of real communication or to take its place. The aim of this investigation was to reveal the features of adolescents’ use of the social networking website Facebook and its relations with loneliness and personality traits.The study included 175 adolescents, age 13 to 18 years (M = 15.4; SD = 1.102). They filled in a questionnaire on the use of social website Facebook, UCLA loneliness scale (version 3; Russell, 1996), the personality traits questionnaire NEO-FFI (Costa and McCrae, 1992).The results show that 81.1% of teens are users of the social network site Facebook and spend very much time on Facebook, publishing a lot of personal information in the web profiles without paying due attention to privacy preservation. On the website, adolescents accumulate large amounts of “friends”, although relationship transfer from the reality to the Internet prevails. The study revealed two main activity types: socially proactive and socially passive. The results also show that the personality traits have an impact on teenagers’ behaviour on Facebook: neurotic teenagers’ activity on Facebook is socially passive; extraverted adolescents support the social enhance attitude, but they are not enough to communicate online and tend to actually meet people that first were met on Facebook. Teenagers with a highly expressed consciousness, in general, are not active Facebook users, and do not try to compensate their loneliness by using the social network website Facebook. Very lonely teenagers show a socially passive activity, or a passive activity dominates, or in combination with a social activity. At the time, loneliness decreases, depending on how much time per day adolescents use the Facebook website.Key words: Social Network Site Facebook; personality traits; loneliness; activity on social Network Site.
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