O presente trabalho aborda o cenário brasilero, da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e da cidade de São Paulo em relação à gestão integrada e sustentável de resíduos sólidos urbanos, apontando os principais avanços, retrocessos e desafios. Destaca-se o importante papel da universalização da coleta seletiva com inclusão de catadores de materiais recicláveis na cidade de São Paulo como estratégia para promover sustentabilidade socioambiental urbana.
This paper presents the scenario related to urban solid waste at the national level, metropolitan São Paulo and São Paulo pointing the main advances, backlashes and challenges. The emphasis is on the important role of the universalization of selective waste collection with the inclusion of waste pickers of recyclable materials within the city of São Paulo as a strategy to promote socioenvironmental urban sustainability
In Brazil, in 2008, 994 municipalities (18%) practiced selective waste collection, 66% of them in partnership with waste pickers organized in cooperatives and associations. The increase of municipal initiatives demands an analysis/evaluation related to its performance at the operational level as well as socio-environmental. The construction of indicators and indexes to assess the sustainability of selective waste collection and waste pickers organizations, in a participatory way, represent relevant tools for the consolidation and strengthening of selective waste collection and the organizations. This implied in the identification, development and validation, to strengthen its insertion within the municipal solid waste management system and its interface with social inclusion and public health. The research was based on quantitative and qualitative study, carried out through: 1) implementation of two rounds of questionnaires sent through electronic way to 88 experts within the country, using the Delphi Technique, with a return rate of 67% in the first round, and 72.9% in the second; 2) regional workshops in four cities involving several actors who work with the theme, and 3) workshops with waste pickers organizations, technicians of the municipal government and from a nongovernmental organization. The participants validated two definitions of sustainability, one for the selective waste collection and other for waste pickers organizations. The validation and weighting of indicators enabled the construction of two matrixes of sustainability, to calculate sustainability indexes, with 14 indicators for selective municipal waste collection and 21 for the organizations, with their respective means of calculation and sustainability trends. Two instruments of communication (Radars of Sustainability) were also developed to facilitate the understanding and monitoring by a larger public. The goal is to disseminate these indicators so that they can be implemented by public policies.
Waste governance is emerging as transdisciplinary and inter-sectoral approach to waste management and policy, overcoming primarily prescriptive engineering perspectives of waste. The process of governing waste involves the articulation of different structures, institutions, policies, practices and actors. Paying attention to issues of power, scale, and equity are important in the search for more democratic practices. Innovative forms of governance are emerging as decentralized, participatory and inclusive, focused on waste reduction and resource recovery. Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is an innovative alternative in generating work and income and a response in favor of social and labor inclusion. It can also be considered as a new, more humane and inclusive development model. With this article we aim to provide practical knowledge on the contributions of grassroots organizations and networks in waste management, supporting the discussion of waste governance in the context of the SSE. We present different experiences of waste picker organizations in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil to showcase their assets and to discuss prevailing challenges. Employing the SSE as a new development model allows us to address everyday issues of waste generation, management and governance in Brazilian cities and in other parts of the world; particularly from the perspective of organized waste pickers in associations, cooperatives and networks. This is a development paradigm which goes beyond just economic considerations, as highlighted with examples from waste management.
A ampliação e o fortalecimento da prestação de serviços de coleta seletiva pelos municípios brasileiros, com integração de catadores de materiais recicláveis, organizados em cooperativas e associações de catadores, vêm ao encontro das metas estabelecidas na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Estima-se que na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), em 2013, foram desviadas dos aterros sanitários, pela coleta seletiva formal, apenas 3,8% das 21.000 toneladas diárias de resíduos sólidos urbanos coletadas. O artigo analisa os impactos da PNRS na coleta seletiva formal da RMSP, a partir de resultados de pesquisas realizadas nos anos de 2004, 2010 e 2013. Foram entrevistados gestores públicos das 39 prefeituras. Verificou-se que embora a coleta seletiva, em especial a praticada por organizações de catadores, tenha se ampliado no período entre 2004 e 2013, não se observaram avanços significativos no período de 2010 a 2013, após a aprovação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos.
In Payment for Environmental Services (PES) systems, environmental service providers receive compensation for a conservationist action that implies the preservation of natural resources. The objective of this systematic mapping was to identify and discuss scientific articles that address the theme 'Payment for Environmental Services - PES for Waste Pickers Organizations', to understand the state of art of hiring these workers as environmental service providers. The study was developed using the method of systematic mapping of literature, from 2009 to 2019, considering qualitative and quantitative aspects. Results indicated that the countries that most investigate this theme are Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia. The articles portray the informal work of waste pickers, working conditions and the transition from informal systems to waste management in public services. The relationship between payment for environmental services and the work of waste pickers is not yet evident. Furthermore, research on PES and recycling are developed along distinct lines, without interdisciplinarity. However, PES shows itself as an important socio-environmental management tool that has the potential to solve relevant problems of recyclable waste management, because it presents congruent characteristics with the public procurement systems for waste pickers.
The aim of this research was to evaluate waste recycling programs in partnership with scavenger associations in Metropolitan São Paulo, to verify their social, economic, sanitary, and environmental impacts in a sustainability perspective. Methods included bibliographical and data research and structured interviews with representatives of 39 municipalities. The analysis of factors responsible for program continuity was undertaken. It was found that among 39 municipalities, 23 (59%) have developed official recycling programs, 19 in partnership with scavenger associations. Indicators analysed showed that the programs resulted in social, and economic gains for scavengers, increased social capital and they contributed to the reduction of waste destined for landfills. However, there are competition factors that have been threatening the continuity of those programs.
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