EDs and organ doses from 64-detector CT are higher than those previously reported for adult cardiac and pulmonary CT angiography protocols. Risk for breast and lung cancer induction from these studies is greatest for the younger patient population.

Radiation doses to the fetus from institutional MDCT protocols that may be used during pregnancy (for pulmonary embolus, appendicitis, and renal colic) are below the level thought to induce neurologic detriment to the fetus. Imaging the mother for appendicitis theoretically may double the fetal risk for developing a childhood cancer. Radiation doses to the fetus from pulmonary embolus chest CT angiography are of the same magnitude as ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning.

Organ and effective doses are up to five times higher with MDCT than with SBFT. Crohn's disease is more frequently imaged with CT. For a subset of patients who undergo numerous CT examinations, efforts should be made to minimize the number of CT examinations, decrease the CT dose, or consider MR enterography.

No abstract

The use of bismuth breast shields together with a lower kVp and automatic tube current modulation will reduce the absorbed radiation dose to the breast and lungs without degradation of image quality to the organs of the thorax for CTA detection of PE.

The ED of 4D CT is more than double that of scintigraphy, but both studies cause negligible increases in lifetime risk of cancer. Clinicians should not allow concern for radiation-induced cancer to influence decisions regarding workup in older patients.

Oversized patients undergoing abdominal MDCT with tube current modulation receive significantly higher doses than do small patients. The noise index needs to be adjusted to the body habitus to ensure dose efficiency.

This experiment investigated the physical qualities ('Holmen' durability; 'tumbling box' durability; and pellet strength, length and diameter) of extruded ¢shmeal-based feeds produced using di¡erent starch sources, screw con¢gurations, with or without steam injected in the barrel. The starch sources tested were native or pre-gelatinized potato starch (PGS), wheat starch (WS), whole wheat (WW) or a combination of WS and WW. Screw con¢gurations were a polygon element, followed by two left-pitched segments, Polygon____2L; a polygon, followed by one left-pitched and one right-pitched element, Polygon____LR; and no polygon section, alternating left-and right-pitched elements, LRLR. Starch source and screw con¢guration a¡ected the physical quality the most. Pellets produced with LRLR had the highest 'Holmen' durability (76%), hardness (30 N) and the least diameter (5.3 mm). The lowest durability (37%) and hardness (22 N) were obtained with Polygon____LR. Potato starch yielded higher expansion than cereal starch. The highest 'Holmen' durability was seen for PGS (79%), while WS yielded the lowest value (44%). Injection of steam reduced hardness and 'Holmen' durability, but provided a minor overall contribution to physical quality compared with the starch source and screw con¢guration. 'Holmen' durability appeared to be suitable to unveil variation (37^79%) in physical quality, while 'Tumbling box'durability (98.4^98.8%) did not prove e⁄cient. E¡ect of starch source and processing conditions on ¢sh feed quality M SÖrensen et al. Aquaculture Research, 2010, 41, 419^432 r 2010 The Authors 420 Journal Compilation r 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 41, 419^432 Aquaculture Research, 2010, 41, 419^432 E¡ect of starch source and processing conditions on ¢sh feed quality M SÖrensen et al.