Dynamic crosslinked rubbers for a green future: A material perspective

Wemyss, Alan M.; Bowen, Chris; Plesse, Cédric; Vancaeyzeele, Cédric; Nguyen, Giao; Vidal, Frédéric; Wan, Chaoying

doi:10.1016/j.mser.2020.100561

Cited by 95 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…There have been attempts to recycle rubber vulcanizates using the devulcanization process. To date, successes toward a certain extent on this devulcanizing technology have been reported but cannot yet be implemented in a full-scale process [ 6 ]. A permanent network can be generated through curatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alleviating Molecular-Scale Damages in Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Compounds by a Self-Healing Modifier

et al. 2020

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The property retentions of silica-reinforced natural rubber vulcanizates with various contents of a self-healing modifier called EMZ, which is based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) modified with hydrolyzed maleic anhydride (HMA) as an ester crosslinking agent plus zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) as a transesterification catalyst, were investigated. To validate its self-healing efficiency, the molecular-scale damages were introduced to vulcanizates using a tensile stress–strain cyclic test following the Mullins effect concept. The processing characteristics, reinforcing indicators, and physicomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the compounds were evaluated to identify the influences of plausible interactions in the system. Overall results demonstrate that the property retentions are significantly enhanced with increasing EMZ content at elevated treatment temperatures, because the EMZ modifier potentially contributes to reversible linkages leading to the intermolecular reparation of rubber network. Furthermore, a thermally annealing treatment of the damaged vulcanizates at a high temperature, e.g., 120 °C, substantially enhances the property recovery degree, most likely due to an impact of the transesterification reaction of the ester crosslinks adjacent to the molecular damages. This reaction can enable bond interchanges of the ester crosslinks, resulting in the feasibly exchanged positions of the ester crosslinks between the broken rubber molecules and, thus, achievable self-reparation of the damages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alleviating Molecular-Scale Damages in Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Compounds by a Self-Healing Modifier

et al. 2020

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“…The four standard parts were fixed on the extension line of the sample rack in sequence and calibrated, and then the calibration results were saved. Calibration sequence: 1 Open, 2 Short, 3 50 Ω, 4 Low loss. (2) Calibration of the dielectric sample cell and saving of the calibration results.…”

Section: Experimental Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the microwave heating behavior of rubber is affected by its dielectric properties. Different dielectric properties will lead to different microwave heating temperature distribution and heating efficiency, in addition, the distribution of the microwave heating temperature is important to ensure the good performance of rubber products [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the dielectric properties of rubber materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study on the Dielectric Properties of Rubber Materials

et al. 2021

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According to specific formulas, the mixing of rubber samples occurs by two methods: open mixing and internal mixing. The effects of frequency, mixing process, carbon black (CB) content, zinc oxide (ZnO) content, and stearic acid (SA) content on the dielectric properties of rubber materials were studied. The results showed that the effects of the mixing process on the dielectric properties of the rubber samples cannot be ignored, and the appropriate mixing process should be selected when preparing the required rubber materials. The dielectric constant and loss factor of the rubber samples vary depending on the frequency. The dielectric constant had a peak and valley value, while the loss factor only had a peak. The dielectric constant and loss factor of rubber samples were significantly affected by the content of CB, ZnO, and SA. The peak frequency decreased with the increase in CB content, however, the dielectric constant increased with an increase in CB content. The higher the ZnO content, the lower the peak frequency. In addition, the dielectric constant and loss factor increased with an increase in ZnO content. The higher the SA content, the greater the peak frequency. In addition, the dielectric constant and loss factor decreased with an increase in SA content. It is hoped that the experimental results obtained can provide guidance for the study of the dielectric properties, microwave absorption properties, and microwave heating characteristics of rubber polymers.

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“…Recently, there has been growing interest in developing materials that are able to intrinsically self-heal after damage to recover their properties. 1,2 Despite the wide ranging application of hydrogels in fields such as biomedicine, 3 tissue engineering, 4,5 and batteries, 6 amongst others, their soft characteristics makes them susceptible to damage, such as macro-or microscale cracks that can be caused by mechanical or chemical factors. 7,8 To address these limitations, self-healing hydrogels have been developed that have the ability to extend the service life of these materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%