The multi-port berth allocation problem with speed optimization and emission considerations http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/6580/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively.
AbstractThe container shipping industry faces many interrelated challenges and opportunities, as its role in the global trading system has become increasingly important over the last decades. On the one side, collaboration between port terminals and shipping liners can lead to costs savings and help achieve a sustainable supply chain, and on the other side, the optimization of operations and sailing times leads to reductions in bunker consumption and, thus, to fuel cost and air emissions reductions. To that effect, there is an increasing need to address the integration opportunities and environmental issues related to container shipping through optimization. This paper focuses on the well known Berth Allocation Problem (BAP), an optimization problem assigning berthing times and positions to vessels in container terminals. We introduce a novel mathematical formulation that extends the classical BAP to cover multiple ports in a shipping network under the assumption of strong cooperation between shipping lines and terminals. Speed is optimized on all sailing legs between ports, demonstrating the effect of speed optimization in reducing the total time of the operation, as well as total fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, the model implementation shows that an accurate speed discretization can result in far better economic and environmental results.
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.
IEA member countries:Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. Acknowledgements 7Contact 9Executive Summary 10Nordic energy-related carbon dioxide emissions 26Chapter 1
Nordic choices in a global world 28Radical change is needed, but history gives cause for optimism 31Three strategic issues facing Nordic countries 35Power generation and district heating are almost there 42Spotlight 1: The Nordic bioenergy market 52Decarbonising transport poses significant challenges 57Industry: Innovation will be the deal breaker 72Spotlight 2: Iceland´s fishing sector 83Buildings: Accelerating deep energy renovation is critical 88Decarbonising the Nordic region will not cost the world 101Chapter 2
Urban energy 104Introduction 107Overview of Nordic urban energy systems 108Drivers of change in the urban context 114
Urban scenarios 119Nordic capitals leading the low-carbon transition by example 129Recommendations for action in urban areas 147
6Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016
Electricity system integration 150Introduction 153Market integration of VRE 173
Electricity trade 180Flexibility in the system and VRE integration 189The role of nuclear in the Nordic energy system 210
Recommendations and near-term actions 213
Annexes
216Annex A (Chapter 1) 217
Annex B (Chapter 2) 230Annex C (Chapter 3) 235References 245
List of Figures 254List of Boxes 260
List of Tables 261Also from the IE...
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