Protected Areas (PA) represent an important biodiversity conservation strategy, but these areas are threatened by increasing human pressure and inefficient management. Thus, the objective was to analyze the management of PA in South America, a continent with particular characteristics in relation to the political and socioeconomic complexity that reflect the way each country manages its PA. The results showed that, although there is progress in establishing PAs, there is only effective protection when they have adequate size and management, and Protected Area Systems (PAS) are established. It was possible to observe the importance of the PAS, since, PA managed outside it have comprehensive norms, without defined criteria, with several organs operating without connection. For PA management, uniform and standardized actions are fundamental in order to allow a global network for biodiversity protection.
ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible correlations between the socioeconomic development indicators of the municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the presence of both sustainable use and full protection conservation areas (CAs). The Human Development Index (HDI) and Gini Index (GI) values were compared between municipalities with and without CAs using the non-parametric Wilcoxon-MannWhitney test. The correlations between the HDI and GI of each municipality and its areas occupied by CAs were analyzed using the non-parametric Spearman correlation test. A total of 560 CAs were identified in the 853 municipalities of the state. The HDI values of municipalities with CAs were not significantly different from those of other areas, but significant differences were found in the GI values, which were higher in municipalities with CAs. No significant correlations were found between the HDI of municipalities and their areas occupied by CAs. However, significant correlations were found between the GI and areas occupied by CAs, suggesting that the CAs are associated with greater socioeconomic inequalities. Populations should be included in conservation efforts through programs that benefit these individuals, such as payment for environmental services and other conservation strategies. ÁREAS DE CONSERVAÇÃO, POBREZA E DESIGUALDADE SOCIAL: AVALIAÇÃO UTILIZANDO INDICADORES SOCIOECONÔMICOS EM MINAS GERAIS, BRASILRESUMO: Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar as possíveis correlações entre os indicadores de desenvolvimento socioeconômico dos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e a presença de unidades de conservação (UC), tanto de uso sustentável como de proteção integral. Os valores de Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e Índice de Gini (IG) foram comparados entre os municípios com e sem UC pelo teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Testaram-se as correlações entre IDH e IG de cada município e suas áreas ocupadas por UC através do teste não paramétrico de correlação de Spearman. Identificaram-se 560 UC nos 853 municípios do estado. Os municípios com UC não apresentaram IDH significativamente diferentes dos demais, mas encontraramse diferenças significativas nos valores de IG, superiores nos municípios com UC. Não se encontraram correlações significativas entre os IDH dos municípios e suas áreas ocupadas por UC. Mas encontraram-se correlações significativas entre IG e as áreas ocupadas por UC, associando as UC a maiores desigualdades socioeconômicas. Deve-se incorporar as populações aos esforços de conservação por meio de programas que as beneficiem, em especial o pagamento por serviços ambientais, entre outras estratégias conservacionistas.
This study aimed to investigate tourist concessions around the world and their main effects. To do so, we explored the descriptive information according to specific variables and the existing balance between positive and negative effects. We found that the concessions fulfill their economic role through the development of tourist activity, but they have deficiencies in social, environmental and procedural parameters. The most significant positive effect especially concerns the economy and tourism. On the other hand, the negative social effect showed a higher percentage and is related to the lack of partnership with the community. Most concession types are strictly linked to tourism by large companies. The local population is not fully included in the processes or considered partners, and they only participate in the provision of services. We also found an imbalance between positive and negative effects, with evidence of inconsistency in the processes. The processes considered inconsistent compromise local sustainability, the management objectives of the areas, and generate unequal opportunities. This scenario reveals that tourism concessions are still fragile and can compromise sustainable tourism development and nature conservation in PA. Furthermore, processes based on economic policies when implemented in conservation efforts only guarantee the maximization of economic benefits, disfavoring social and environmental objectives. We defend the control and continuous monitoring of concessions in order to maintain more consistent and effective processes.
Atualmente a Mata Atlântica é um dos biomas mais fragmentados. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar a fragilidade ambiental da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Alto Rio Doce em Minas Gerais, por meio da caracterização da distribuição da fragmentação local, bem como da pressão sobre a vegetação. A caracterização da vegetação foi feita por classificação supervisionada, por meio da imagem captada pelo sensor OLI presente no Landsat 8. Apenas 22,3% de toda a extensão da APA, que contém 23.329 hectares, apresenta vegetação, sendo composta por muitos pequenos fragmentos. Além disso, a APA é cortada por estradas, sendo uma delas pavimentada e estadual, o que agrava a situação da fragmentação dos habitats, causando danos tanto a espécies animais quanto vegetais. Concluiu-se que para atingir seus objetivos é preciso a elaboração de um plano de manejo para a área, além de alternativas que permitam a popularização da APA tornando-a mais conhecida pela população local.
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