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This paper contrasts the performance of heterogeneous and shrinkage estimators versus the more traditional homogeneous panel data estimators. The analysis utilizes a panel data set from 21 French regions over the period 1973–1998 and a dynamic demand specification to study the gasoline demand in France. Out-of-sample forecast performance as well as the plausibility of the various estimators are contrasted. Copyright Springer-Verlag 2003Panel data, French gasoline demand, error components, hetero-geneous estimators, shrinkage estimators,

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