Economic and structural determinants of the demand for public transport: an analysis on a panel of French urban areas using shrinkage estimators

Influences on Public Transport Utilization: The Case of Auckland

“…Recently, new studies and some thorough literature reviews have been issued (e.g., Balcombe 2004;Litman 2004: Litman 2010bBresson 2004). Two studies were found related to New Zealand.…”

“…Vance and Hedel (2007), using recent German data, report that car usage responds positively-and, presumably, PT ridership negatively-to cars per licensed driver and income among the individuals within their dataset. Bresson et al (2004) report that rising incomes and increasing motor vehicle penetration both adversely impact PT ridership, although the former influence appears to operate primarily through the motorization effect. As mentioned previously, in an earlier version of this paper on bus patronage only, our analysis clearly showed a separate effect of income from car ownership.…”

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“…Research on longitudinal economic data (1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996) from France and England differ in their conclusions. Price elasticity was found to be greater than service (i.e., vehicle kilometers) elasticity in France, whereas the opposite was found in England (Bresson et al 2003(Bresson et al , 2004Dargay and Hanly 2002). According to Preston (2014), research reviews suggest that service elasticities in general are larger than price elasticities, but also that elasticities vary a lot.…”

“…Also, the results from the French sample are less clear when looking at a longer period in time and including other indicators. The difference between price elasticity and service elasticity disappears when expanding the time period from 1987-1995to 1975-1995(Bresson et al 2004. When using seat kilometers rather than vehicle kilometers, as a measure of service frequency the relationship shifts completely, so that service elasticity is larger than price elasticity (Bresson et al 2004).…”

Issues associated with planning, implementing, managing and operating public transport projects in Ireland

“…This trend has also been underpinned by a more environmentally conscious society and fluctuations in the prices of fuel for the private car. Several studies indicate that petrol prices have a positive effect on public transport use (Bresson et al, [4]; Matas [5]; Wang [6]). This drive for more accessible and efficient public transport systems has meant that policy makers, governments, transport planners and other relevant stakeholders have been faced with challenges to deliver more attractive transport infrastructure and services to users in urban and rural areas (OECD [7]).…”