The prevalence of parasitic infections responsible for the condemnation of carcasses and viscera during meat inspection, and their economic implication, was estimated in a year long abattoir survey of 10 277 slaughtered farm animals in the region of Trikala, Greece. The organs examined for the presence of parasitic lesions during meat inspection were: liver and lungs of all animals, rumen of cattle, small intestine of lambs and kids, and muscles of cattle and swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the lungs of cattle, sheep and goats were caused only by hydatid cysts. No hydatid cysts were observed in the lungs of swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the liver of cattle, sheep and goats were as a result of hydatid cysts and flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, while those of swine were due to milk spots only. Moniezia sp. proglottids were found in the small intestine of lambs only. The prevalence of parasites responsible for the condemnation of marketable organs was low (0.26%). Parasites were responsible for 22% of the total of condemned organs, and their annual cost was 99, 00 GDR (approximately 292 Euros). The parasites most contributing to marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cysts (26%) and D. dendriticum flukes (26%).
Objectives
To evaluate the influence of lightness difference of a single anterior maxillary tooth on difference smile attractiveness.
Methods
A frontal view full‐portrait image of a smiling male Caucasian, was digitally modified altering a single tooth, creating a series of images with varying lightness (ΔL) for the maxillary central, lateral and canine. A total of 160 participants (80 dentists, 80 laypersons) were asked to fill out a Visual Analog Scale questionnaire for every image recording smile attractiveness.
Results
For central incisors ΔL≥1 negatively affected attractiveness. There was a higher tolerance for lightness mismatch when one lateral incisor is lighter and the same applies when the canine was darker. Difference in lightness affected smile attractiveness both for dentists and laypersons. No difference between males and females was observed for the dentists. For laypersons, females perceived smiles with lightness difference as significantly less attractive compared to males. Dentist's age did not affect smile attractiveness perception. Younger laypersons perceived darker color, as less attractive.
Conclusions
Changes in lightness of a single anterior tooth significantly affected smile attractiveness in a different way for the central vs lateral vs canine. For the dentists, age and gender did not significantly affect smile perception, in contrast to laypeople.
Clinical significance
Lightness differences of a single anterior tooth affects smile attractiveness.
The problem motivating the paper is the quantification of students' preferences regarding teaching/coursework quality, under certain numerical restrictions, in order to build a model for identifying, assessing and monitoring the major components of the overall teaching quality. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical beta regression model, with a Dirichlet prior on the model coefficients. The coefficients of the model can then be interpreted as weights and thus they measure the relative importance that students give to the different attributes. This approach not only allows for the incorporation of informative prior when it is available but also provides user-friendly interfaces and direct probability interpretations for all quantities. Furthermore, it is a natural way to implement the usual constraints for the model coefficients. This model is applied to data collected in 2009 and 2013 from undergraduate students in the Panteion University, Athens, Greece and besides the construction of an instrument for the assessment and monitoring of teaching quality, it gave some input for a preliminary discussion on the association of the differences in students' preferences between the two time-periods with the current Greek socioeconomic transformation. Results from the proposed approach are compared with the ones obtained by two alternative statistical techniques.
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