No abstract

A case is reported in which a liver tissue mass, not connected to the liver, was discovered growing in the right thoracic cavity. This mass appeared following trauma sustained to the liver several years earlier, and was noted to increase slightly in size after its initial detection. After removal of the mass, which proved to be benign hyperplastic liver tissue, the patient did well and remained free of symptoms. It is suggested that during the episode of trauma or during the ensuing surgical repair, a fragment of liver tissue was introduced into the thoracic cavity, and that this fragment eventually developed into a hyperplastic nodular liver mass.

No abstract

No abstract

The distinction between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and required behavior remains questionable more than two decades after its conceptualization. To examine the conceptual confusion, OCB was assessed for consistency with the traditional definition. OCB perceived as owed to the organization was also identified. Results indicate that many OCBs are perceived as part of the job description, rewarded, and punished. This highlights the definitional problem: What is the theoretical and pragmatic difference between OCB and required behavior, or what does the label OCB mean? Assuming that OCB exists (perhaps at organization entry), it is argued to migrate from discretionary to psychologically required. Results are discussed in terms of role sending, leader—member exchange, and reinforcement by managers. Rather than reduce the worth of the OCB construct, we suggest that it remains valuable: discretionary, extrarole OCB may be a midpoint between a formal job description and expanded work behavior migrating to psychologically required.