FeCr(2)S(4) orders magnetically at T(N)≈ 170 K. According to neutron diffraction, the ordered state down to 4.2 K is a simple collinear ferrimagnet maintaining the cubic spinel structure. Later studies, however, claimed trigonal distortions below ∼ 60 K coupled to the formation of a spin glass type ground state. To obtain further insight, muon spin rotation/relaxation (μSR) spectroscopy was carried out between 5 and 200 K together with new (57)Fe Mössbauer measurements. Below ∼ 50 K, our data point to the formation of an incommensurately modulated noncollinear spin arrangement like a helical spin structure. Above 50 K, the spectra are compatible with collinear ferrimagnetism, albeit with a substantial spin disorder on the scale of a few lattice constants. These spin lattice distortions become very large at 150 K and the magnetic state is now better characterized as consisting of rapidly fluctuating short-range ordered spins. The Néel transition is of second order, but ill defined, extending over a range of ∼ 10 K. The Mössbauer data around 10 K confirm the onset of orbital freezing and are also compatible with the noncollinear order of iron. The absence of a major change in the quadrupole interaction around 50 K renders the distortion of crystal symmetry to be small.
We investigate the cosmological evolution of an interacting phantom energy model in which the phantom field interacts with the dark matter. We discuss the existence and stability of scaling solutions for two types of specific interactions. One is motivated by the conformal transformation in string theory and the other is motivated by analogy with dissipation. In the former case, there exist no scaling solutions. In the latter case, there exist stable scaling solutions, which may give a phenomenological solution of the coincidence problem. Furthermore, the universe either accelerates forever or ends with a singularity, which is determined by not only the model parameters but also the initial velocity of the phantom field.
This special issue deals with the simultaneous occurrence of at least two primary ferroic properties, namely of ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, ferrotoroidicity or ferroelasticity in one single homogeneous phase. The question of how different ferroic states can coexist in a single-phase material is an important issue and is outlined in detail using symmetry arguments and Landau theory for continuous phase transitions, which shows that the spin structure alone can break spatial inversion symmetry leading to ferroelectric order. The main focus of this special issue lies on single-phase materials that are magnetic and ferroelectric. They promise control of electric properties by magnetic fields and the control of magnetic properties by electric fields. The magnetoelectric coupling will allow the design of materials with novel electronic properties and in selected cases bring them to application.Ferromagnetic ferroelectrics are scarce in nature. This is because the conventional mechanism for ferroelectricity, namely an off-centering of the cations, which can be achieved best in ions with empty d shells, contradicts the formation of magnetic order in materials with partly filled d shells [1,2]. Ferroelectricity in specific cases is achieved via the stereochemical activity of lone pairs in magnetic oxides. But in these cases the coupling between ferroelectricty and magnetism is weak. There have been a number of studies on multiferroics, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in the former Soviet Union [3,4], but these activities faded away, most probably due to the lack of materials with strong magnetoelectric coupling and high ordering temperature, although the enormous potential of multiferroics for technological important applications was recognized early on [5].An intense revival and the return of multiferroicity to the forefront of condensed matter research has been triggered by the invention of a number of frustrated magnets, like manganite rare earths, i.e., RMnO 3 [6], RMn 2 O 5 [7], or Ni 3 V 2 O 8 [8], which are characterized by strong spin frustration due to competing exchange interactions. In fact, they reveal transitions into magnetic phases with complex non-collinear spin order, thereby breaking inversion symmetry and concomitantly inducing ferroelectricity. This renaissance of multiferroics was made possible because developments in sample growth and sample characterization allowed the production of high quality single crystals and thin films. In addition, computational methods helped to design new materials with outstanding properties.To explore the complex physics of multiferroics, outstanding laboratories with novel instrumentation and exceptional theoretical tools were involved. Most of the scientists responsible for this enormous revival in the synthesis, characterization, and modeling of these new classes of multiferroics have contributed to this special issue. Hence, it provides an impressive survey of the state of the art and documents key experiments in this area of condensed matter re...
Muon spin rotation/relaxation measurements have been performed in the itinerant helical magnet MnSi at ambient pressure and at 8.3 kbar. We have found the following: (a) the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T(1) shows divergence as T1T proportional, variant (T-T(c))(beta) with the power beta larger than 1 near T(c); (b) 1/T(1) is strongly reduced in an applied external field B(L) and the divergent behavior near T(c) is completely suppressed at B(L)> or =4000 G. We discuss that (a) is consistent with the self-consistent renormalization theory and reflects a departure from "mean-field" behavior, while (b) indicates selective suppression of spin fluctuations of the q=0 component by B(L).
The formation of magnetic correlations in CeNiSn has been studied by muon spin rotation and relaxation (@RI spectroscopy covering the temperature range from 250K to 33 mK. Mainly a single crystalline sample was used. At high temperatures ( 5 2 K) a behaviour similar to that of a spin fluctuator like UA12 is observed, meaning that over the whole temperature range the paramagnetic moments fluctuate extremely fast ( 3 3 * 1014 Hz). Below 1 K the material exhibits properties typical for a paramagnet moving towards magnetic order, but no transition into long-range order could be observed down to the lowest measured temperature. The dependences of muon spin relaxation rate and muon spin precession frequency on external field (applied parallel to the a-axis) are unusual and indicate the formation of extended spin correlations up to short-range order.
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