Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.

Objective. The spondylarthritides (SpA), including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, cause chronic inflammation of the large peripheral and axial joints, eyes, skin, ileum, and colon. Genetic studies reveal common candidate genes for AS, PsA, and Crohn's disease, including IL23R, IL12B, STAT3, and CARD9, all of which are associated with interleukin-23 (IL-23) signaling downstream of the dectin 1 ␤-glucan receptor. In autoimmune-prone SKG mice with mutated ZAP-70, which attenuates T cell receptor signaling and increases the autoreactivity of T cells in the peripheral repertoire, IL-17-dependent inflammatory arthritis developed after dectin 1-mediated fungal infection. This study was undertaken to determine whether SKG mice injected with 1,3-␤-glucan (curdlan) develop evidence of SpA, and the relationship of innate and adaptive autoimmunity to this process.Methods. SKG mice and control BALB/c mice were injected once with curdlan or mannan. Arthritis was scored weekly, and organs were assessed for pathologic features. Anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies were injected into curdlan-treated SKG mice. CD4؉ T cells were transferred from curdlan-treated mice to SCID mice, and sera were analyzed for autoantibodies.Results. After systemic injection of curdlan, SKG mice developed enthesitis, wrist, ankle, and sacroiliac joint arthritis, dactylitis, plantar fasciitis, vertebral inflammation, ileitis resembling Crohn's disease, and unilateral uveitis. Mannan triggered spondylitis and arthritis. Arthritis and spondylitis were T cell-and IL-23-dependent and were transferable to SCID recipients with CD4؉ T cells. SpA was associated with collagen-and proteoglycan-specific autoantibodies.Conclusion. Our findings indicate that the SKG ZAP-70 W163C mutation predisposes BALB/c mice to SpA, resulting from innate and adaptive autoimmunity, after systemic ␤-glucan or mannan exposure.The spondylarthritides (SpA) comprise a group of diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and reactive arthritis, that cause chronic joint inflammation and extraarticular inflammatory manifestations, including anterior uveitis, psoriasis, and the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. SpA are thought to be

Results. In curdlan-treated SKG mice, arthritis, enthesitis, and ileitis were IL-23 dependent. Enthesitis was specifically dependent on IL-17A and IL-22. IL-23 was induced in the ileum, where it amplified ER stress, goblet cell dysfunction, and proinflammatory cytokine production. IL-17A was pathogenic, while IL-22 was protective against ileitis. IL-22؉CD3؊ innate-like cells were increased in lamina propria mononuclear cells of ileitis-resistant BALB/c mice, which developed ileitis after curdlan injection and anti-IL-22.Conclusion. In response to systemic ␤-1,3-glucan, intestinal IL-23 provokes local mucosal dysregulation and cytokines driving the SpA syndrome, including IL-17/IL-22-dependent enthesitis. Innate IL-22 production promotes ileal tolerance.

The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased dramatically over the past four decades. Metastatic melanoma is associated with poor prognosis, as the current treatments do not have a significant impact on prolonging survival or decreasing mortality. We have identified a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC)-1, which is highly expressed in melanoma cells. Of 53 melanoma cell lines that were examined for relative MIC-1 expression by western blot analysis, 35 (66%) showed significantly higher levels of MIC-1 compared to normal melanocytes. Primary melanoma biopsies (15 of 22) were found to contain cells expressing low levels of MIC-1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. In contrast, all metastatic melanoma biopsies examined (16 of 16) had strong expression of MIC-1. Expression of MIC-1 was found to be dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and is a transcriptional target of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Knockdown of MIC-1 expression using stable short-hairpin RNA in three melanoma cell lines showed a significant decrease in tumorigenicity (P<0.0001). These results indicate that MIC-1 may function to promote development of more aggressive melanoma tumors. MIC-1 may be suitable for development as a serum diagnostic and is a possible target for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

We conducted a transcriptomic screen of osteosarcoma (OS) biopsies and found that expression of osteoclast-specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5/TRAP) is significantly downregulated in OS compared with nonmalignant bone (P < 0.0001). Moreover, lesions from OS patients with pulmonary metastases had 2-fold less ACP5/TRAP expression (P < 0.018) than lesions from patients without metastases. In addition, we found a direct correlation (P = 0.0166) between ACP5/TRAP expression and time to metastasis. Therefore, we examined whether metastasis-competent (MC) OS cells could induce loss of ACP5 + osteoclasts and contribute to metastasis. We found that MC OS cell lines can inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, osteoclasts can inhibit the migration of MC OS cells in vitro. Finally, ablation of osteoclasts with zoledronic acid increases the number of metastatic lung lesions in an orthotopic OS model, whereas fulvestrant treatment increases osteoclast numbers and reduces metastatic lesions. These data indicate that the metastatic potential of OS is determined early in tumor development and that loss of osteoclasts in the primary lesion enhances OS metastasis.

Grading silicone impressions of skin surface topography is a highly reliable and a valid measure of photoaging and enables prediction of dermal elastosis in a population setting.

Two cases are presented of unusual cutaneous lesions associated with rheumatoid arthritis in underlying joints. The lesions were evanescent, erythematous and violaceous partly macular and partly indurated plaques, with a livedo-like pattern of erythema at the edge in one case. Histological changes were identical in the two cases. The major features were dilated, dermal lymphatics containing aggregates of inflammatory cells, mainly histiocytes, with adjacent perivascular lymphoid aggregates. An appropriate name for this reaction would appear to be cutaneous histiocytic lymphangitis.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC) are a common malignancy of keratinocytes that arise in sites of the skin exposed to excessive UV radiation. In the present study, we show that human SCC cell lines, preneoplastic solar keratoses (SK), and CSCC are associated with perturbations in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and peroxide levels. Specifically, we found that two of three SKs and four of five CSCCs, in vivo, were associated with decreased GPX activity and all SKs and CSCCs were associated with an elevated peroxide burden. Given the association of decreased GPX activity with CSCC, we examined the basis for the GPX deficiency in the CSCCs. Our data indicated that GPX was inactivated by a posttranslational mechanism and that GPX could be inactivated by increases in intracellular peroxide levels. We next tested whether the decreased peroxidase activity coupled with an elevated peroxidative burden might contribute to CSCC formation in vivo. This was tested in Gpx1 À/À and Gpx2 À/À mice exposed to solar-simulated UV radiation. These studies showed that Gpx2 deficiency predisposed mice to UV-induced CSCC formation. These results suggest that inactivation of GPX2 in human skin may be an early event in UV-induced SCC formation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(10):4751-8]