The present investigation was undertaken to study the genetic variability, heritability and correlation coefficient analysis for 7 metric traits in 12 durum wheat genotypes at western Oromia during 2015-2018. Significant genotypic differences were observed for the majority traits studied, indicates considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each character. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were high for kernels per spikelet, thousand kernels weight, and number of kernels per spike and grain yield. The remaining traits were ranged from low to moderate estimates. High heritability estimates were recorded for the majority traits studied. The estimated broad – sense heritability (h2) has ranged from 31.6% for maturity to 80.8% for grain yield. High genetic advance combined with high heritability was recorded for plant height, thousand kernel weight, kernels per spike and grain yield, indicates that most likely selection based on phenotype of genotypes could be effective to improve these characters. Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with spike length, kernels per spike and thousand kernels weight both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. The strong correlation of grain yield with the mentioned traits showed that grain yield could be indirectly improved through improving these traits. This information might be used in the genetics and breeding programmes for improvement of durum wheat.
Ethiopia is the leading wheat producer in Sub‐Saharan Africa, and the productivity has increased in the last few years. There is also a potential for irrigated wheat production in the lowlands, even though its cultivation is at infant stage. The experiment was conducted in the Oromia region at nine locations in 2021 with irrigation. The study aimed to select high yielding and stable bread wheat variety/ies for lowland areas. Twelve released bread wheat varieties were tested using randomized complete block design with two replications. Environment had the largest effect, 76.5% of total variability, while genotypes 5.0% and GE interaction 18.5% explained total sum of squares. The average grain yield of varieties across locations ranged from the lowest 1.40 t ha−1 at Girja to the highest 6.55 t ha−1 at Daro Labu, with a grand mean of 3.14 t ha−1. The result showed that varieties released for irrigated areas, Fentale 1, Ardi, and Fentale 2, were ranked the top three based on overall environment mean grain yield. The first and second principal component account 45.5% and 24.7% of the genotype by environment interaction (G × E), respectively, explained 70.2% of the total variation. Daro Lebu and Bedeno were the most productive environment, while Girja was the least productive of irrigated bread wheat for lowlands of the Oromia region. Genotype Selection Index (GSI) showed that varieties Fentale 2, Fentale 1, Pavon 76, and ETBW9578 are stable and high yielding. Based on AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, Girja indicated the most discriminating area and Sewena as representative environment for selecting wide adaptable irrigated lowland varieties. The results of the present study indicated that Fentale 2 and Fentale 1 showed better yield stability across all test environments, therefore, these bread wheat varieties are recommended for wide cultivation in irrigated areas of the Oromia region.
A field experiment was undertaken to determine optimum combination of weed management practices and inter-row spacing levels for effective weed control in maize at Bako agricultural research center, Western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2018 main cropping season. The treatments included pre-emergence s-metolachlor 290 g/L + atrazine 370 g/L (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 L ha-1), hand pulling and hoeing 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check in combination with inter-row spacing levels (65, 70, 75, and 80 cm). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement in three replications. The experimental field was infested with 22 weed species belonging to 12 families, out of which 77.3 %, 18.2 % and 4.5 % were broad leaved, grass and sedges, respectively. Weed management practices (WMP), inter-row spacing (IRS) and their interaction significantly influenced the weed density, dry weight and weed control efficiency at 25 and 70 DAS. All parameters of the crop were significantly affected by WMP and IRS. However, their interaction was non-significant except for number of ear per plant and grain yield. The highest grain yield was recorded in inter-row spacing of 65 cm treated with hand pulling and hoeing 25 and 45 DAS (10492.0 kg ha-1). Whereas, the lowest grain yield (2237.0 kg ha-1) was obtained from weedy check plot at 80 cm inter-row spacing. On the other hand, maize planted at 65 cm IRS in combination with 2 L ha-1 s-metolachlor 290g/L + atrazine 370 g/L gave comparable grain yield which was statistically at par with that of hand pulling and hoeing 25 and 45 DAS and 3 L ha-1 s-metolachlor 290g/l. + atrazine 370 g/L involving the same IRS. Hence, putting the environmental concern and scarce labor force under consideration, the use of reduced rate (2 L ha-1) of herbicide in combination with narrower IRS would be the best option for effective weed management in maize. Furthermore, integration of narrower IRS with other weed management treatments enhance maize grain yield there by improving weed control efficiency.
Septoria tritici Blotch (STB) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in Ethiopia and worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the genetic variability of yield and yield parameters among different bread wheat genotypes grown under the stress of Septoria tritici Blotch. A total of 180 bread wheat lines, advanced genotypes and released varieties were included in the investigation. Genetic variance, heritability, correlation and ANOVA were estimated for S.tritici, and yield and yield parameters. The genetic variance was relatively high for grain yield, percentage of disease severity (% severity) and Septoria progress coefficient (SPC). Heritability and genetic advance were relatively higher for grain yield, and moderate heritability and high genetic advance were computed for disease parameters such as coverage of pycnidia, Septoria progress coefficient and % severity. A negative correlation was found between plant height and pycnidia coverage on the four uppermost leaves (PCD), SPC and severity. Days to maturity and heading inversely correlated with disease resistance parameters. This indicated that the genotypes having short plant height and short maturity period could be resistant to Septoria tritici Blotch. The results help researchers to utilize the promising genotypes of this study in future breeding programmers for narrowing the yield gaps between the potential and actual in the areas where the Septoria tritici Blotch infection is a problem.
Two separate experiments were done for seedling and adult resistance in rice varieties against blast. Each experiment consists of 20 varieties and is evaluated under artificial inoculation with blast. The result of the study confirmed that NERICA varieties have shown low disease infection at the seedling stage whereas the varieties Chewaka and Edget have shown adult plant resistance. Severe yield reduction and highly diseased grain were obtained from Superica-1, which is highly susceptible at adult plant stage. In contrast, the maximum grain yield was obtained from the Chewaka and Edget varieties, these having a high level of adult resistance. Therefore, Chewaka and Edget are promising candidates for utilization in yield and blast resistance in rice improvement.
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