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BackgroundDiarrheal diseases are responsible for high level of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children below 5 years. Salmonella and Shigella spp. are pathogenic microbes responsible for the major diarrheal associated mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, factors associated with Salmonella and Shigella isolates infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among diarrheic children aged below 5 years attending BRGH and GRH, Ethiopia.MethodsA health institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2016. One stool samples was collected from 422 diarrheic children under the ages of five and were cultured on to Hektoen Enteric (HE) and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Isolation identification of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were conducted using standard bacteriological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The isolates were defined as multidrug resistant if it was resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Descriptive statistics were employed and logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors associated with Shigella/Salmonella prevalence.ResultsThe prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella isolates were 6.9 and 4.3%, respectively. Children aged between 1 to 3 years were significantly associated with Salmonella infection [AOR = 19.08, 95% CI (2.68–135.86)]. The odd of prevalence of Salmonella/Shigella isolates was significantly associated with absence of latrine, absence of hand washing after latrine, and in unimmunized children in adjusted odd ratio. Unimproved water sources and hand washing before meal had also higher odd of prevalence although the difference was not significant. All Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100%). In addition, all Shigella isolates were completely resistant to chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were multidrug resistant. However, all Salmonella and Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.ConclusionThere was a relatively low prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species in the study areas and were significantly associated with lack of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. There were also higher drug resistance and multidrug resistant pattern. Personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, including access to latrine and supply of safe drinking water are suggested. Checking susceptibilities of Shigella and Salmonella isolates causing diarrhea is also suggested.

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Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important cereal crop grown for its diverse uses. Global sorghum production and productivity is affected by various stresses notably by biotic factors such as diseases, weeds and insect pests. Anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum Henn. (formerly known as C. graminicola [Ces.] G.W. Wilson), grain mold, leaf blight, rust and smut are among the most import diseases of sorghum, while stem borer, shoot fly, termites and birds are notable pests of the crop. Sorghum anthracnose occurs in epidemic proportions under high temperature and humidity conditions causing yield losses reaching up to 67% in susceptible varieties. Sorghum shows considerable genetic variation. A large number of landraces are exploited in breeding for disease resistance and better agronomic performance. This review presents literature on breeding sorghum for anthracnose resistance and associated challenges and opportunities. Information presented in this paper may guide future breeding of sorghum varieties incorporating farmer needs and preferences.