Donkey milk has been widely shown to be an ideal substitute for human milk because of its similar composition. However, alterations to the composition of donkey milk during lactation have not been well studied. In this study, untargeted metabolomics with ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to analyze and compare the metabolites in donkey colostrum (DC) and mature milk (DMM). Two hundred seventy metabolites were characterized in both DC and DMM. Fifty-two of the metabolites in the DC were significantly different from those in the DMM; 8 were downregulated and 44 were upregulated. This demonstrated that the composition of the donkey milk changed with lactation. Additionally, the interactions and metabolic pathways were further analyzed to explore the mechanisms that altered the milk during lactation. Our results provide comprehensive insights into the alterations in donkey milk during lactation. The results will aid in future investigations into the nutrition of donkey milk and provide practical information for the dairy industry.
Introduction
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is suggested to be neuroprotective. However, influence of Dex on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in the elderly remains unknown.
Methods
We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of Dex on POCD. Relevant studies were obtained by search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane's Library databases. A random‐effect model was used to pool the results.
Results
Fourteen RCTs including 1626 adults of 60 years or older who received surgery with general anesthesia were included. Because methodologically diverse scales were used for POCD, eight RCTs with POCD diagnosed with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) were included in the meta‐analysis, while the remaining six RCTs with POCD diagnosed with other scales were qualitative synthesized. Pooled results of RCTs with MMSE showed that Dex significantly reduced the incidence of POCD (risk ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.37–0.60, p < 0.001) with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%) or publication bias (p for Egger's regression test = 0.579). For the remaining six RCTs with POCD diagnosed with other scales, three of them showed that Dex was associated with a significantly lower incidence of POCD, while the other three RCTs did not show a significant difference.
Conclusions
Dex is associated with a reduced risk of POCD in elderly patients receiving surgeries with general anesthesia, and the results were mainly obtained in studies with POCD diagnosed with MMSE. Based on these findings, Dex may be considered as a preventative measure for POCD in elderly patients.
Recently, vibration training is considered as a novel strategy of weight loss; however, its mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, normal or high-fat diet-induced rats were trained by whole body vibration for 8 weeks. We observed that the body weight and fat metabolism index, blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and free fatty acid in obesity rats decreased significantly compared with nonvibration group (n = 6). Although intrascapular BAT weight did not change significantly, vibration enhanced ATP reduction and increased protein level of the key molecule of brown adipose tissue (BAT), PGC-1α, and UCP1 in BAT. Interestingly, the adipocytes in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) became smaller due to vibration exercise and had higher protein level of the key molecule of brown adipose tissue (BAT), PGC-1α, and UCP1 and inflammatory relative proteins, IL-6 and TNFα. Simultaneously, ATP content and PPARγ protein level in WAT became less in rats compared with nonvibration group. The results indicated that vibration training changed lipid metabolism in rats and promoted brown fat-like change in white adipose tissues through triggering BAT associated gene expression, inflammatory reflect, and reducing energy reserve.
Trpp5 is one member of the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) family, which belongs to transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Our previous study has shown that Trpp5 is developmentally expressed in mouse testis and overexpression of Trpp5 increases intracellular free calcium concentration in MDCK cells. However, the roles of this protein in cellular processes are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Trpp5 resided in both cytoplasm and cell membrane of HEK293 cells. We found that overexpression of Trpp5 slightly increased the calcium current amplitude of HEK293 cells and shifted the reversal potential to a more negative value. Meanwhile, overexpression of Trpp5 suppressed proliferation of Hela cells via inhibiting DNA replication and induced apoptosis of Hela cells with morphological changes and accumulation of fragmented DNA. Collectively, these findings suggest that Trpp5 might involve calcium homeostasis contributing to cell proliferation and apoptosis.
SUMMARYA multi-source Tri-Training transfer learning algorithm is proposed by integrating transfer learning and semi-supervised learning. First, multiple weak classifiers are respectively trained by using both weighted source and target training samples. Then, based on the idea of cotraining, each target testing sample is labeled by using trained weak classifiers and the sample with the same label is selected as the high-confidence sample to be added into the target training sample set. Finally, we can obtain a target domain classifier based on the updated target training samples. The above steps are iterated till the high-confidence samples selected at two successive iterations become the same. At each iteration, source training samples are tested by using the target domain classifier and the samples tested as correct continue with training, while the weights of samples tested as incorrect are lowered. Experimental results on text classification dataset have proven the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.
The Pkd2 gene encodes an integral protein (~130 kDa), named polycystin-2 (PC-2). PC-2 is mainly involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Recently, polycystin-1/polycystin-2 complex has been shown to act as an adhesion complex mediating or regulating cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion, suggesting that PC-2 may play a role in cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions. Here, we knocked down the expression of Pkd2 gene with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in the mouse melanoma cells (B16 cells), indicating that the cells transfected with the targeted siRNAs significantly suppressed cell-cell adhesion, but not cell-matrix adhesion, compared to the cells transfected with non-targeted control (NC) siRNA. This study provides the first directly functional evidence that PC-2 mediates cell-cell adhesion. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PC-2 modulated cell-cell adhesion may be, at least partially, associated with E-cadherin. Collectively, these findings for the first time showed that PC-2 may mediate cell-cell adhesion, at least partially, through E-cadherin.
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