Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a major threat to domestic pigs and wild boars. Since 2018, ASF outbreak has been ongoing in China. As of August 3, 2019, a total of 151 ASF outbreaks reported in China have caused severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. The present study is to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of ASF outbreak that occurred in several regions across China during the period August 2018-August 2019. Particularly focusing on the epidemic distribution, main transmission routes, incidence/fatality, impact on pig production capacity, and the main preventive measures adopting to mitigate the risk of ASF spread in pig farming systems by Chinese government. Results: The data show that the importance of seasonality effect, spatial distribution and the anthropogenic factors on the transmission of ASF, and further suggest that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies. Conclusions: This provides an improved scienti c basis to optimize current interventions as well as develop new tools and strategies to reduce the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission to domestic pigs and wild boars.
Cow milk (CM) allergy is one of the most common food allergies worldwide; the most abundant CM proteins, such as casein (CN), β‐lactoglobulin (β‐LG), and ɑ‐lactalbumin (ɑ‐LA), are all potentially allergenic. Reducing the antigenicity of CM continues to be a major challenge. However, previous studies have focused on the antigenicity of individual allergic CM proteins. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different food‐grade enzymes on the antigenicity of CN, β‐LG, ɑ‐LA in natural CM. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and molecular mass (MW) distribution of CM hydrolysates were assessed. Additionally, the residual antigenicity of CM hydrolysates was evaluated through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting with anti‐CN, anti‐β‐LG, and anti‐ɑ‐LA rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The results showed that Alcalase‐ and Protamex‐mediated hydrolysis could efficiently reduce the antigenicity of CN, β‐LG, and ɑ‐LA, inducing a higher DH, the loss of density of CM proteins, and the increasing levels of low MW (<3 kDa) peptides in CM hydrolysates. Further, Protamex and Alcalase could more efficiently hydrolyze the major allergenic components of CM than the other enzymes, which could represent an advantage for the development of hypoallergenic CM. These findings add further knowledge about the study and development of hypoallergenic CM.
The
objective of the present study was to reveal the antibacterial
mechanism of lactobionic acid (LBA) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using quantitative proteomics
by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS)
to analyze 100 differentially expressed proteins after LBA treatment.
Furthermore, multiple experiments were conducted to validate the results
of the proteomic analysis including reactive oxygen species (ROS),
virulence-associated gene expression, and the relative quantification
of target proteins and genes by parallel reaction monitoring and quantitative
real-time PCR. Combining the ultrastructure observations, proteomic
analysis, and our previous research, the mode of LBA action against
MRSA was speculated as cell wall damage and loss of membrane integrity;
inhibition of DNA repair and protein synthesis; inhibition of virulence
factors and biofilm production; induction of oxidative stress; and
inhibition of metabolic pathways. These results suggest potential
applications for LBA in food safety and pharmaceuticals, considering
its multitarget effects against MRSA.
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