Proinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers and the pathology of various cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms of the underlying cause are unclear. Identification of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, and other soluble immune factors can help in the early diagnosis of disease. The presence of certain confounding factors such as variations in age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index, medication and other substance use, and medical illness, as well as inconsistencies in methodological practices such as sample collection, assaying, and data cleaning and transformation, may contribute to variations in results. The purpose of the review is to identify and summarize the effect of demographic factors, epidemiological factors, medication use, and analytical and pre-analytical factors with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa, and the soluble TNF receptors on the concentration of these inflammatory biomarkers in serum.
The purpose of this community service activity is as a form to improve the community's economy during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing waste from papaya leaves. With this training in making scrubs, it is hoped that it can increase creativity and public awareness of the potential for waste around to be used as business opportunities, especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. Currently commercially available cosmetic formulations (exfoliants) for topical use are alpha hydroxy acids, beta hydroxy acids and retinoids, which can cause adverse reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to use cosmetic ingredients consisting of effective and non-irritating exfoliants, one of which is the use of papaya leaves which are formulated as scrubs. The target of this activity is the residents of Mugirejo Village, Samarinda, East Kalimantan. Education and training on making scrubs went smoothly and without any problems. All residents followed the training process carefully and were very enthusiastic, as evidenced by the full attention of the residents until the end of the activity. Through representatives of community leaders, this activity is considered very useful and is expected to increase the potential for utilizing papaya leaf waste which can be used as a business opportunity.
Socioeconomic status and family food habits are one of the factors for stunting. The purpose of this community service activity is a form of stunting prevention in the community by conducting socialization and workshop activities. In the framework of nutritional and health assistance with the theme isi piringku, it is hoped that the incidence of stunting can be reduced. With this activity, it is also hoped that people can sort and choose healthy and nutritious food that can be obtained easily, cheaply and affordably. The targets of this activity include PKK cadres, posyandu cadres and mothers with toddlers who are stunted in Telemow Village, Sepaku District, North Penajam Paser Regency. Socialization activities and workshops ran smoothly and without any problems. All residents followed the training process carefully and with great enthusiasm, as evidenced by the full attention of the residents until the end of the activity. Through representatives of community leaders, this activity is considered very useful as a golden opportunity to learn and in the future it is hoped that it can reduce the number of stunting that occurs in Telemow Village.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan rendemen dan karakteristik fisikokimia pati buah sukun yang berasal dari buah sukun masa panen 1 bulan (MP1) dan 2 bulan (MP2). Pati sukun diperoleh dengan cara dekantasi dan pengeringan. Evaluasi karakteristik fisikokimia serbuk pati meliputi pengukuran kadar amilosa dan amilopektin, organoleptis, pH, bentuk, indeks kompresibilitas, densitas dan laju alir. Rendemen pati sukun yang diperoleh adalah 10,62% (MP1) dan 12,29% (MP2). Kadar amilosa dan amilopektin adalah 4,087% dan 81,637% (MP1) serta 10,213% dan 85,673% (MP2). Nilai pH pati untuk MP1 dan MP2 sama yaitu 3,99. Granula pati memiliki hilus berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik. Organoleptis pati MP1 adalah tidak berbau, tidak berasa berwarna putih dan memiliki bentuk serbuk halus sedangkan pati MP2 adalah berbau khas buah sukun, tidak berasa, putih kecoklatan, dan bentuk serbuk agak kasar. Indeks kompresibilitas pati sukun adalah 65,77% (MP1) dan 62,09% (MP2). Nilai bulk density (g/mL) sebesar 0,34 (MP1) dan 0,42 (MP2), sedangkan nilai tapped density (g/mL) sebesar 0,57 (MP1) dan 0,68 (MP2). Kedua pati tidak memiliki laju alir maupun sudut istirahat. Analisis independent sample t-test (?=0,05) menunjukkan bahwa kadar amilopektin, pH, dan indeks kompresibilitas tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, sedangkan kadar amilosa, bulk density, dan tapped density memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan.
Macrophages are known to play an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis; however, the molecular signaling pathways in macrophages that are responsible for plaque rupture have not been fully identified. This study aims to identify biomarkers and therapy targets in macrophages in atherosclerotic conditions by systematic review. Research procedure of systematic reviews using the PRISMA protocol. The search engine used in this study is PubMed, with the keywords ([macrophage] AND atherosclerosis) AND (signaling pathway OR signaling pathway), the reference application used is Zotero to screen clinical articles. There were 689 articles identified and 11 clinical articles in inclusion criteria were obtained. The identification resulted in 30 biomarkers associated with macrophages in atherosclerotic conditions. The proposed biomarkers of atherosclerosis are interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The proposed potential therapy targets for atherosclerosis are LOX-1 and schematic images of biomarkers in atherosclerotic plaques.
We established in vivo models of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) to determine the cardioprotective effect of Spirulina platensis (Spi), Momordica charantia fruit (MC) and their combination. MI was induced in six groups of Male Wistar albino with isoproterenol, and cardioprotection was evaluated by measuring SGOT, SGPT, LDH, CK, CK-MB with commercially available test kits and analyzing histopathology. Online PASS was used to predict the mechanism of action of a marker compound in Spi and MC. Rat serum levels of LDH, SGOT, CK-MB, and CK were significantly reduced by the Spi and MC combination extract (P < 0.05). The combination extract at a dose of 50:50 mg/kg body weight preserve the integrity of the myocardial cell membrane. Identified compounds by LC-MS/MS in the ethanol extract of Momordica charantia are (3β,16α-Dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid), Eclalbasaponin II, Epianhydrobelachinal, Epianhydrobelachinal, Paeonenolide F, Ziyu glycoside II. Identified compounds by LC-MS/MS in Spirulina platensis extract are d-Lirioferine, Lycopodine, Yuanhunine, Candidate Mass C18H26N2O5 and Candidate Mass C36H38N4O5. In PASS analysis, Phycocyanobilin’s cardioprotective mechanism of action is predicted to be kinase inhibitor, cytoprotectant, and platelet aggregation inhibitor, with Probable activities (Pa) of 0.06, 0.53, and 0.443, respectively. The Pa values for cholesterol antagonist, proliferative disease treatment, nitric oxide scavenger, and anti-inflammatory agents in Momordicoside A are respectively 0.841, 0.666, 0.59, and 0.55. These findings suggest that the cardioprotective activity of the combination of Spi and MC extracts at a dose of 50 mg/kg was synergistic.
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