Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Proinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers and the pathology of various cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms of the underlying cause are unclear. Identification of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, and other soluble immune factors can help in the early diagnosis of disease. The presence of certain confounding factors such as variations in age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index, medication and other substance use, and medical illness, as well as inconsistencies in methodological practices such as sample collection, assaying, and data cleaning and transformation, may contribute to variations in results. The purpose of the review is to identify and summarize the effect of demographic factors, epidemiological factors, medication use, and analytical and pre-analytical factors with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa, and the soluble TNF receptors on the concentration of these inflammatory biomarkers in serum.

Effects of medical plants from Zingiberaceae family on cardiovascular risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…Mild inflammatory states often underlie metabolic diseases, including T2DM, and are characterized by elevated plasma levels of CRP and proinflammatory cytokines (Saltiel & Olefsky, 2017). CRP, IL‐6, and TNF‐α have been reported to be predictors of coronary, cardiovascular events, and overall mortality (Ain et al, 2021). The results of this meta‐analysis indicated that Zingiberaceae plants intake significantly reduced CRP, TNF‐α, IL‐6.…”

Combating Prozone Effects and Predicting the Dynamic Range of Naked-Eye Nanoplasmonic Biosensors through Capture Bioentity Optimization

“…CRP is a well-investigated inflammatory biomarker, that is, an acute-phase protein produced by the liver, and rises rapidly in the instance of inflammation. CRP can help to diagnose various illnesses such as sepsis, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. , For instance, in the case of sepsis, CRP levels <10 μg/mL are considered normal with elevated levels reaching 40–200 μg/mL . However, many previous sepsis studies deflect from the prozone effect presence by detecting CRP in a ng/mL dynamic range, which is not practical in a clinical setting …”

Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Aorta Diseases as a Source of Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets, with a Particular Focus on Ascending Aorta Aneurysms

“…Ideal biomarkers in aorta pathologies, particularly in AsAA, would allow us to identify the diverse stages of the diseases, and consequently distinguish between patients with or without the disease or clinical outcome of interest, such as dissection or rupture, with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, they would be cost-efficient, rapidly obtainable without interfering with the administration of drug therapies, and non- or minimally invasive, as well as being widely significantly applicable in a universal manner via thoroughly standardized and realistically plausible methods and methodologies, even in settings with limited resources, without being influenced by confounding variables, including gender, age, ethnic background, diet, medications, circadian rhythm, environmental exposures, and other medical comorbidities [ 11 , 12 ].…”