Influenza virus infection triggers host innate immune response by stimulating various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs leads to the activation of a plethora of signaling pathways, resulting in the production of interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the recruitment of innate immune cells, or the activation of programmed cell death. All these antiviral approaches collectively restrict viral replication inside the host. However, influenza virus also engages in multiple mechanisms to subvert the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), NOD-, LRR-, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) in sensing and restricting influenza viral infection. Further, we also discuss the mechanisms influenza virus utilizes, especially the role of viral non-structure proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X, to evade the host innate immune responses.
We report the fabrication of binder-free, low-cost and efficient hybrid supercapacitive electrode based on the hexagonal phase of two-dimensional MoS 2 nanoworms reinforced with molybdenum nitride nanoflakes deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate using reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The hybrid nanostructured MoS 2 -Mo 2 N/SS thin film working electrode delivers a high gravimetric capacitance (351.62 F g −1 at 0.25 mA cm −2 ) investigated in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solution. The physisorption/intercalation of sodium (Na + ) ions in electroactive sites of MoS 2 -Mo 2 N composite ensures remarkable electrochemical performance. The deposited porous nanostructure with good electrical conductivity and better adhesion with the current collector demonstrates a high-energy density of 82.53 Wh kg −1 in addition to a highpower density of 24.98 kW kg −1 . Further, excellent capacitance retention of 93.62% after 4000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles elucidated it as a promising candidate for realizing highperformance supercapacitor applications.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.