Rice, one of the world's most important food plants, has important syntenic relationships with the other cereal species and is a model plant for the grasses. Here we present a map-based, finished quality sequence that covers 95% of the 389 Mb genome, including virtually all of the euchromatin and two complete centromeres. A total of 37,544 nontransposable-element-related protein-coding genes were identified, of which 71% had a putative homologue in Arabidopsis. In a reciprocal analysis, 90% of the Arabidopsis proteins had a putative homologue in the predicted rice proteome. Twenty-nine per cent of the 37,544 predicted genes appear in clustered gene families. The number and classes of transposable elements found in the rice genome are consistent with the expansion of syntenic regions in the maize and sorghum genomes. We find evidence for widespread and recurrent gene transfer from the organelles to the nuclear chromosomes. The map-based sequence has proven useful for the identification of genes underlying agronomic traits. The additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats identified in our study should accelerate improvements in rice production.

Molecular and morphological data analyses matrices are very informative tools for the estimation of genetic distances. We used AFLP markers, morphological traits and combined analysis to estimate the genetic distances between wheat genotypes and ascertain any associations between the two techneques. Nineteen wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and field evaluated for two years. The matrices obtained by morphological and molecular marker data analyses revealed a significant but moderate correlation (r = 0.47), indicating that such techniques sample distinct genome regions. The combined analysis was found to be highly correlated with AFLP (r = 0.97) and moderately correlated with morphological (r = 0.59) markers. A possible explanation for such results is a bias caused by the much higher number of AFLP (229) than morphological (17) markers. Thus, it is evident that the combined analysis is not efficient when a very dissimilar number of markers are used in each isolated technique. Therefore, to obtain a better knowledge of the degree of divergence among genotypes it is necessary to consider each analysis separately.

Rice is a model genome for cereal research, providing important information about genome structure and evolution. Retrotransposons are common components of grass genomes, showing activity at transcription, translation and integration levels. Their abundance and ability to transpose make them good potential markers. In this study, we used 2 multilocus PCR-based techniques that detect retrotransposon integration events in the genome: IRAP (inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism) and REMAP (retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism). Markers derived from Tos17, a copia-like endogenous retrotransposon of rice, were used to identify genetic similarity among 51 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Genetic similarity analysis was performed by means of the Dice coefficient, and dendrograms were developed by using the average linkage distance method. A cophenetic correlation coefficient was also calculated. The clustering techniques revealed a good adjustment between matrices, with correlation coefficients of 0.74 and 0.80, or lower (0.21) but still significant, between IRAP and REMAP-based techniques. Consistent clusters were found for Japanese genotypes, while a subgroup clustered the irrigated Brazilian genotypes.

RESUMO -O processo de germinação se constitui num complexo e ordenado conjunto de eventos fisiológicos e bioquímicos em que a semente é submetida logo após iniciar a absorção de água. A retomada do crescimento do embrião por causa da absorção de água envolve a reativação de muitas enzimas já presentes nas sementes e a sínteses de outras que irão hidrolisar as sustâncias de reserva, fornecer poder oxidante, energia, entre outras, para a germinação. A emergência das plântulas nas monocotiledôneas depende, principalmente, da profundidade de semeadura, e de muitos outros fatores tais como atributos genéticos e vigor das sementes, sendo que o embrião é nutrido de forma exclusiva, pelas reservas da semente. No presente trabalho, os padrões isoenzimáticos de Esterase (EST), Fosfatase Acida (ACP), Malato Deshidrogenase (MDH), Álcool Deshidrogenase (ADH) e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase (GOT) de 34 ecótipos de arroz vermelho e 5 cultivares comerciais foram analisados durante o processo de germinação a 20 cm de profundidade com o objetivo de identificar variações de expressão diferencial nos sistemas isoenzimáticos analisados. Os cinco sistemas isoenzimáticos analisados apresentaram variações na expressão enzimática, principalmente quando comparados os padrões observados em semente seca e em plântulas em desenvolvimento. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que, há um diferencial de expressão nos genes que comandam a expressão das isoenzimas Esterase (EST), Fosfatase Ácida (ACP), Malato Deshidrogenase (MDH), Álcool Deshidrogenase (MDH) e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase (GOT), nos processos de germinação de sementes de arroz.Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa, eletroforese, extração de proteínas. ISOENZIMATIC DIFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AMONG RICE SEED GERMINATION PROCESS IN GREAT DEPTH SOWINGABSTRACT -The germination process consists of a complex and regulated group of physiologic and biochemical events that happen in the seed soon after beginning water absorption. The restart of the embryo growth due to water absorption involves the reactivation of many enzymes that will hydrolyze reserve substances, to supply redox potential and energy for germination. Plantlet emergence in monocotyledonous depends, principally, on the sowing depth and other factors such as genetic potential and seed vigor, because the embryo is nurtured by the seed stores along. In this study, isoenzimatic patterns of Esterase (EST), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH), Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) and Glutamate Oxalacetate Transaminase (GOT) were analyzed among germination processes at 20 cm in 34 red rice ecotypes and 5 commercial cultivars with the objective of identifying differential expression variations in the isoenzimatic systems analyzed. The five isoenzimatic systems analyzed showed variations in the

-Demands for sustainable agricultural systems have forested the development of biological control techniques, such as the use of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma Westwood. However, the arduous identification of the parasitoid at the species level, due to the tiny size and the morphological similarities is an obstacle to increasing its use. Molecular markers are useful to reach the specimen genome and avoid environmental effects that could misguide identification. Several molecular markers techniques are available and the ISSR technique has been used to differentiate close individuals, due to its high polymorphism level, reproducibility and low cost. The objective of this study was to measure the level of genetic differentiation among five lines of Trichogramma, using ISSR markers: three belonging to the species T. pretiosum Riley, one to T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and one to T. bruni Nagaraja. Morphological identification of the parasitoids was conducted at ESALQ/USPPiracicaba, SP. After DNA removal and standatization, PCR reactions were performed with 26 ISSR primers; 11 of them were selected because they presented greater polymorphism and consistency. Molecular data were converted into a binary matrix and analyzed (NTSYS v. 2.1). The 11 primers produced 172 polymorphic sections. Genetic similarity ranged from 19% to 96%, showing that the ISSR technique can efficiently identify DNA polymorphism in Trichogramma. Results also indicate important inter and intra-specific variations among the parasitoid lines.KEY WORDS: Molecular biology, microhymenopteran, identification, biological control RESUMO -A demanda por processos agrícolas racionais, em detrimento da utilização de estratégias convencionais, tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de controle biológico, como a utilização de parasitóides de ovos do gênero Trichogramma Westwood. Um entrave para sua utilização é a dificuldade na identificação das espécies, devido ao diminuto tamanho e à similaridade morfológica. Os marcadores moleculares acessam o genoma, evitando o efeito ambiental e conseqüentemente erros de identificação. Várias técnicas estão disponíveis e a técnica ISSR vem sendo empregada para a diferenciação rápida entre indivíduos próximos, devido ao elevado grau de polimorfismo, reprodutibilidade e baixo custo. Este trabalho objetivou mensurar o nível de diferenciação genética de linhagens de Trichogramma, mediante o emprego da técnica de ISSR. Cinco linhagens foram estudadas: três da espécie T. pretiosum Riley, uma da espécie T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner e uma da espécie T. bruni Nagaraja. A identificação morfológica dos parasitóides foi realizada na ESALQ/ USP, Piracicaba, SP. Após a extração do DNA e sua padronização, realizaram-se as reações de PCR utilizando-se 26 marcadores ISSR, dos quais 11 foram selecionados por apresentarem maior polimorfismo e consistência. Os dados moleculares foram transformados em matriz binária e analisados pelo programa estatístico NTSYS v. 2.1. Os 11 marcadores utilizados geraram 172 banda...

In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], new commercial lines are commonly obtained from biparental crosses, and the selection is performed as homozygosity increases. However, it is difficult to select for quantitative traits in the early steps of breeding, due to the high heterozygosity level and a vast number of new progenies, which sometimes lead breeders to randomly select for these traits in this phase. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of genomic selection in early generations of a soybean breeding program. Working on germplasm derived from two different maturity regions in Brazil, genotyped in F2 and phenotyped in F2:4 for grain yield, plant height, maturity rating, and days to maturity, we compared the composition of different training populations, models with and without the genotype × environment (G × E) interaction effect, and two types of relationship measurements (genetic similarity and Euclidian distance). Results showed superior performance of the Euclidian distance kernel over the standard VanRaden kernel in major scenarios tested. In general, G × E models did not obtain superior performance compared with mean principal models, and the training population composed only of the nearest progenies had the highest prediction ability. The best models achieved prediction abilities between 0.40 and 0.56, thereby enabling application of a low‐intensity selection in F2. As a result, half of the progenies could be discarded without missing a great part of the good ones. Our results show that through genomic prediction, it is possible to select for quantitative traits in the early steps of breeding, which might increase the efficiency of the program in the advanced phases.

RESUMO -Os sistemas enzimáticos comumente utilizados na caracterização de cultivares são produtos da expressão gênica, e, portanto, altamente influenciados pelo estádio de desenvolvimento da plântula, pelo tecido vegetal e pelo ambiente. Esses fatores normalmente não são considerados no momento de realizar uma análise conjunta de vários sistemas enzimáticos para uma determinada espécie, decorrendo assim numa inadequada e ineficiente leitura e interpretação dos resultados. No presente trabalho objetivou-se determinar o momento adequado no qual cada sistema enzimático apresenta máxima expressão fenotípica para ser utilizado na caracterização isoenzimática de cultivares de arroz. Dois lotes, um de alta e um de baixa qualidade fisiológica, para cada uma das variedades de arroz El Paso L144, IRGA 417 e EEA 406, foram analisados utilizando-se os sistemas enzimáticos Esterase, Fosfatase Ácida, Glutamato Desidrogenase, Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase, e Malato Desidrogenase. Seis estádios de desenvolvimento (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias) foram avaliados para a extração de proteínas. Dos resultados obtidos pode se inferir que: cada sistema enzimático analisado apresenta um momento adequado para extração de proteínas; não foi possível identificar um estádio de desenvolvimento onde coincidira a máxima expressão fenotípica de todos os sistemas enzimáticos; a análise simultânea de vários sistemas isoenzimáticos, a partir de uma única extração de proteína não é recomendada. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes da cultivar EEA 406 afetou a análise isoenzimática dos sistemas Esterase e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase.Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa, eletroforese, isoenzimas, qualidade fisiológica, extração de proteínas IDENTIFICATION OF THE ADEQUATE STAGE TO PERFORM ISOENZYMATIC ANALYSIS IN RICE CULTIVAR CHARACTERIZATIONABSTRACT -Enzymatic systems commonly used in cultivar characterization are products of gene expression and are, therefore, highly influenced by development stages, the organ from which they are collected and the environment. Usually, these factors are not considered when several enzymatic complexes are used from a single protein extraction, resulting in an inefficient reading and interpretation of the results. This study was carried out to evaluate the adequate stage for protein extraction for each enzymatic complex, when there is a maximum phenotypic expression, to be used in rice isoenzymatic characterization.

RESUMO A dissimilaridade genética estimada por meio de marcadores moleculares, quando acompanhada de informações fenotípicas, é importante para a seleção de genótipos para o melhoramento e o mapeamento genético. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i) estimar