Urban environment imposes challenges due to its dynamics and thermodynamic characteristics of the built environment. The present study aims to study the effect of lockdown during COVID-19 on the spatio-temporal land surface temperature (LST) patterns in Dehradun city. The TIRS sensor data of

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Relative Entropy (RE) is defined as the measure of the degree of randomness of any geographical variable (i.e., urban growth). It is an effective indicator to evaluate the patterns of urban growth, whether compact or dispersed. In the present study, RE has been used to evaluate the urban growth of Dehradun city. Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand, is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas and has undergone rapid urbanization. Landsat satellite data for the years 2000, 2010 and 2019 have been used in the study. Built-up cover outside municipal limits and within municipal limits was classified for the given time period. The road network and city center of the study area were also delineated using satellite data. RE was calculated for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2019 with respect to the road network and city center. High values of RE indicate higher levels of urban sprawl, whereas lower values indicate compactness. The urban growth pattern over a period of 19 years was examined with the help of RE.

This paper aims to present a new concept of automatic tank filling system. A typical household water tank uses a ball mechanism to control the filling of water in the tank. The process is not automatic as the motor used has to be operated manually. The automatic systems uses costly electronic sensors. The new concept which is being presented is without the use of any electronic component. The idea behind the water tank automation is that as soon the water level goes down at 10%, the motor automatically switches on and as soon the water level reaches to 90% of the total height, the motor automatically switches off. This process is controlled and automated using a programmable logic controller (PLC) through a ladder logic. Water tank automation will aid in an increased energy saving.

This paper aims to present a new concept of automatic tank filling system. A typical household water tank uses a ball mechanism to control the filling of water in the tank. The process is not automatic as the motor used has to be operated manually. The automatic systems uses costly electronic sensors. The new concept which is being presented is without the use of any electronic component. The idea behind the water tank automation is that as soon the water level goes down at 10%, the motor automatically switches on and as soon the water level reaches to 90% of the total height, the motor automatically switches off. This process is controlled and automated using a programmable logic controller (PLC) through a ladder logic. Water tank automation will aid in an increased energy saving.