A great deal of research has focused on work group diversity, but management scholars have only recently focused on inclusion. As a result, the inclusion literature is still under development, with limited agreement on the conceptual underpinnings of this construct. In this article, the authors first use Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory to develop a definition of employee inclusion in the work group as involving the satisfaction of the needs of both belongingness and uniqueness. Building on their definition, the authors then present a framework of inclusion. Their framework is subsequently used as a basis for reviewing the inclusion and diversity literature. Potential contextual factors and outcomes associated with inclusion are suggested in order to guide future research.

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In this article, we combine perspectives from labor economics and entrepreneurship to examine early retirees' decision to become self-employed. Many individuals leave career employment before the traditional age of 65 and return to the labor market for a period of time before they fully retire. This phenomenon is referred to in the labor economics literature as bridge employment. Initial research of bridge employment has identified entrepreneurial activities to be common. The authors argue that first early retirees have to make the decision whether to permanently retire or to continue their labor force participation. If they decide to return to work, then self-employment is one option. Using the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship, the authors outline the factors that would influence the self-employment choice and the types of entrepreneurial paths emanating from that choice.

Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship are important for new wealth creation and economic development. Yet insufficient attention has been paid in entrepreneurship research to psychological characteristics such as the big five personality characteristics. In this study, we address this issue by investigating the psychological determinants of real-life entrepreneurial start-up decisions and intentions by contrasting entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs as regards the big five personality factors (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Using data collected via face-to-face structured interviews with 546 individuals from Slovenia, we tested hypotheses using multi-nominal logistic regression (supplemented by MANOVA).

This study investigates the appropriateness of using publication of an article in a top (specifically, top five) management journal as a proxy for its quality. Social Science Citation Index citation counts were collected over 7-year event windows for articles published in 34 management journals in 1993 and 1996. Overall, the authors found that articles published in the five journals most often considered to be the top ones in management tend to be cited more often than ones published in the other journals. Far more important, however, across three different criteria for placing articles into top versus non-top categories, there were substantial classification errors from using journal ranking as a proxy for quality. This finding suggests that both administrators and the management discipline will be well served by efforts to evaluate each article on its own merits rather than abdicate this responsibility by using journal ranking as a proxy for quality.