BackgroundEnvironmental changes caused by urbanization can cause alterations in the ecology and behavior of sandflies and in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Geotechnological tools allow the analysis and recognition of spatiotemporal patterns by monitoring and mapping risk areas of this vector-borne disease. This study aims to describe the sandfly fauna in the municipality of Corumbá and to compare it with the data described in a three-year period from 1984 to 1986 by Galati. A further aim was to analyze the influence of environmental changes on the composition of the fauna.MethodsCaptures were conducted weekly from April 2012 to March 2013, in intra and peridomicile areas with automatic light traps, from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. The following indices were calculated for both periods analyzed: Standardized Index of Species Abundance (SISA), Shannon’s diversity index (H) and Pielou’s index (J). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from a remote sensing LANDSAT-5 image.ResultsIn total, 7,370 specimens (6,169 males and 1,201 females) were collected, distributed among 12 species. Lutzomyia cruzi was the most frequent species (93,79%) and the first in the ranking of standardized species abundance index in both studies. The dominance of the species Lu. cruzi in the neighborhoods of Maria Leite and Centro was demonstrated by the low equitability index. The neighborhood of Cristo Redentor had the greatest diversity of sandflies in the present study and the second greatest in the study performed by Galati et al. (Rev Saúde Pública 31:378–390, 1997). Analyzing the satellite images and the NDVI from 1984 and 2010, the largest amount of dense vegetation was found in the neighborhood of Cristo Redentor.ConclusionsIt was, therefore, possible to show how changes caused due to urbanization have affected the density and distribution of Lu. cruzi and other species over time. Moreover, the data suggest that different populations of sandflies adapt in different ways according to environmental conditions and the adaptation does not necessarily depends on the presence of high vegetation cover.
Owing to the existence of cryptic species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically, the search for new taxonomic characters and methods for identifying and classifying sand flies continues. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Lutzomyia cruzi (Mangabeira, 1938) (Diptera: Psychodidae) are two such species that occur in sympatry in some regions of Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS). Twenty females and twenty males from each of the five populations of Lu. longipalpis and one population of Lu. cruzi from MS were examined. An outlying population of Lu. longipalpis from Estrela de Alagoas, State of Alagoas, was used to compare the degree of divergence among the groups in MS. Specimens were cleared, mounted on slides, identified, and measured using LAS-Leica. The principal component analysis of morphometric characters showed a high degree of variation among females, while males varied to a lower degree. The populations of Alagoas and Miranda demonstrated the greatest variation. The first region, Alagoas, is geographically distant from the others and occurs under distinctly different ecological conditions, which likely accounts for the variation. Further studies should be made to elucidate the factors that contribute to the differences found between the populations of MS.
Recording the nycthemeral rhythm of sand flies allows the evaluation of the daily activity in different ecotypes, the period of greatest activity, and their degree of anthropophily. We investigated the fauna and the rhythm of sand fly activity in an ecotourism region in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state, Brazil. Sand flies were captured monthly, using a Shannon trap for 24 h periods between July 2012 and June 2014. We collected 1,815 sand flies, in which Lutzomyia whitmani (=Nyssomyia whitmani, sensu Galati) and Lutzomyia longipalpis were the most abundant species during the dry season, with activity from 5 p.m.-7 a.m. and 6 p.m.-5 a.m., respectively. Both species require particular attention as vectors of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in several regions of Brazil, including MS. However, Lutzomyia dispar was more anthropophilic, and was most active between January and March, from 5 p.m. to 5 a.m. Lutzomyia misionensis (=Pintomyia misionensis, sensu Galati) was present throughout both years, active from 4 p.m. to 5 a.m. Other species were active from 5 p.m. to 6 a.m. Due to intense tourism in the months that coincide with a high number of vectors for leishmaniases in Piraputanga, it is essential to determine vector-monitoring strategies in the area by investigating sand fly rhythm while not neglecting other periods of the year when the insects are present.
RESUMO Relata-se um caso de leishmaniose visceral canina com ceratoconjuntivite nodular como queixa exclusiva do proprietário. O diagnóstico se deu pela observação de formas amastigotas de Leishmania sp. no exame parasitológico direto de citologia aspirativa conjuntival. Lesões oculares raramente são queixas principais únicas de cães com leishmaniose, como o caso em questão, o que demonstra a variabilidade de apresentação clínica da doença e a importância da realização de testes laboratoriais diagnósticos para leishmaniose como triagem para pacientes de áreas endêmicas.
RESUMO Relata-se um caso de pneumomediastino, pneumotórax e enfisema subcutâneo em um cão com pneumopatia associada à cinomose. As queixas principais eram tosse, secreção nasal purulenta, apatia e enfisema subcutâneo em face, região cervical e torácica. O exame radiográfico evidenciou pneumomediastino, pneumotórax e broncopneumopatia grave com áreas de consolidação pulmonar. Teste rápido imunocromatográfico para detecção de antígeno da cinomose foi positivo e houve melhora dos sinais respiratórios com antibioticoterapia, porém o quadro evoluiu para alterações neurológicas. De acordo com a revisão de literatura realizada, não há casos semelhantes relatados.
A demodiciose, conhecida popularmente como "Sarna Negra" é uma doença de pele, ocasionada pela multiplicação excessiva do ácaro do gênero Demodex. Este trabalho visa relatar o caso de um cão da raça Bulldog Francês, fêmea, de três anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, que apresentava lesões na cabeça e nos membros, alopecia localizada, hiperpigmentação, eritema, prurido moderado. Associada a doença, o animal manifestava dermatopatia fúngica, causada pelo fungo Malassezia pachydermatis, no qual, demonstraram sinais clínicos de alopecia regional, cheiro de "ranço", liquenificação crônica nas orelhas, hiperqueratose, otite externa e hipotricose localizada. No exame parasitológico de raspado de pele profundo foram observadas formas de Demodex sp. E nesse caso, foi prescrito para o tratamento Simparic, Itraconazol e banhos com shampoo a base de Clorexidine 2%, a fim de evitar recidivas e controlar a doença. Outro procedimento adotado para controle da doença é a retirada da fêmea da reprodução, pois, a mesma não tem cura, apenas melhora clínica.
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a common complaint in veterinary small animal casuistic. Along with fractures, degenerative and of carcinogenic etiology are the most frequent and radiographic lesion pattern at these diseases is relative well defined. However, traumatic lesions, considering its innumerous possibilities, may cause unusual clinical and radiographic signs which will delay diagnosis and consequently, adequate treatment. A case of bone osteolysis caused by a compressive trauma by a rubber band is described with its clinical, laboratorial and radiographic aspects.Case: A 2-year-old female dog was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), with main complaint being an unresponsive to treatment lesion at the left thoracic limb. At physical examination it was observed lameness of the left thoracic limb with an ulcerative lesion at the palmar surface. At the center of the ulcer a 0.3 cm line shaped yellow object was identified, similar to a rubber band. Traction was made and the object distended 5 cm without breaking nor leaving the injury. Showing signs of discomfort, the patient was then sedated for further manipulation. A blood sample for complete blood count and serum biochemistry was collected and radiographic image of the left carpometacarpal-phalangeal region was acquired. Blood analysis revealed moderate thrombocytopenia with an unremarkable serum biochemistry profile (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea). It was observed metacarpals with increased radiopacity in bone tissue in the mid-diaphysis topography of the II, III, IV and V metacarpal bones, presence of bone remodeling with radiolucent area and slight bone loss (osteolysis) in the mid-diaphysis associated with discrete sclerosis of the medullary cavity of the II, III and V metacarpals. The patient was submitted to surgery and a 3 cm incision was made following the way of the foreign body, with a small traction the object was removed, confirming the presence of a rubber band. Post-surgery prescription included systemic antibiotic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and topical ointment. Twenty-two days post-surgery, at revaluation, it was observed only discrete improvement of bone remodeling of V metacarpal but with complete wound healing and full recovery of the lameness.Discussion: It was unclear the reason that led to the presence of the rubber band. Unfortunately, the owner could only complaint about at wound that would not heal for weeks. The best hypothesis was the possible use of a beauty accessory after a bathing service. Considering the patient’s long hair, detachment of any accessory to a rubber band base could have gone unnoticed. Definition regarding the time period since the initial trauma would define for how long the compression was necessary to induce metacarpal remodeling, but the presence of the foreign body and consequently, continuous stimulus of inflammation, would not permit a precise definition regarding the time period of the lesion, even if histopathology was authorized. Surgical removal of the rubber band associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, systemic and topical antibiotic (ointment) was considered satisfactory, leading to considerable improvement (normal gait) of the nociception and lameness at day three post-intervention and despite persistence of the bone radiographic aspect, full recovery of the skin lesion at day twenty-two.
A 4‐year‐old, female, neutered Labrador Retriever was referred with tail flaccidity of acute onset after an extensive period of swimming. There were no other neuromuscular clinical signs on physical examination and no pain of tail palpation. Comorbidity was reported, with previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism (9 months before), but the disease was considered controlled since levothyroxine supplementation. Despite the impossibility to confirm nonrelated neuromuscular impairment associated with hypothyroidism, the fast resolution of clinical signs without intervention was more likely to confirm a limber tail syndrome rather than an endocrine neuromyopathy, but, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of its kind, and further investigations are required.
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