Infected seeds are one of the main pathogen transmission vehicles, and they are responsible for significant losses in production fields; phytosanitary defense depends on the inoculum and climatic factors. Thus, in this study, it was aimed to identify climatic variables of the regions that propitiate the production of Brachiaria brizantha 'BRS Piatã' seeds infected with phytopathogenic fungi. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from 10 production fields, and phytosanitary quality of the seeds was evaluated with the filter paper method; the means were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis. Principal component analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the climatic variables and seed phytosanitary quality. Sites with maximum temperatures higher than 30 °C, mean values close to 25 °C, and rainfall less than 82 mm during harvest were favorable to the incidence of Fusarium spp. The incidence of Bipolaris sp. in the seeds of Piatã grass was favored by temperatures around 19 and 20 °C during the maturation phase. The highest incidence of Exserohilum sp. occurred at the sites in which the temperature during harvest was close to 20 °C and accumulated rainfall, between 167 and 181 mm.Qualidade sanitária de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha 'BRS Piatã' em função de condições climáticas RESUMO: A semente infectada é um dos principais veículos de transmissão de patógenos, responsáveis por perdas significativas em campos de produção e, as condições sanitárias destas dependem do inóculo e dos fatores climáticos presentes. Assim, objetivou-se identificar variáveis climáticas das regiões que propiciam a produção de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha, cv. BRS 'Piatã' , infectadas com fungos fitopatogênicos. Foram obtidos dados de temperatura e precipitação de 10 campos de produção e a sanidade das sementes foi avaliada pelo método do papel de filtro, com as médias comparadas pela análise não-paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Para determinar a relação entre variáveis climáticas e a sanidade das sementes aplicou-se a análise de componentes principais. Locais com temperaturas máximas superiores a 30 °C, médias próximas a 25 °C e acúmulo de chuva inferior a 82 mm na colheita foram favoráveis à incidência de Fusarium spp.. A incidência de Bipolaris sp. em sementes de capim-piatã na fase de maturação é favorecida por temperaturas em torno de 19 e 20 °C. A maior incidência de Exserohilum sp. ocorre em locais cuja temperatura durante a colheita é próxima a 20 °C e a precipitação pluviométrica acumulada situa-se entre 167 e 181 mm.
The use of seeds with good sanitary and physiological potential ensures the establishment of the crop, with a uniform, vigorous and disease-free seedling stand, which will result in good productivity levels. Seen that, the objective was to evaluate the sanitary and physiological quality of purple corn seeds (Zea mays L.) submitted to thermotherapy. They were subjected to heat treatment with immersion in sterile distilled water (SDW) heated at 50, 60 and 70 °C for 1, 2, and 3 minutes. The control (0 min) correspondens only to immersing the seeds in SDW, which were submitted to sanitary and germination tests in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial arrangement 3 × 3 + 1 (exposure time × temperature + additional control). Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared with the Scott-Knott test up to 5% of probability, with the aid of the statistical program SISVAR®. Immersing Zea mays seeds in hot water at 50, 60 and 70 °C for 1, 2, and 3 minutes is efficient to prevent the increased incidence of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp. The heat treatment at 60 °C for 1 and 2 minutes of immersion reduces the incidence of fungal mycoflora without impairing the physiological quality of seeds.
A new species, Helicoma barretoi, collected on dead twigs in Paraíba State of northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished by frequent branched conidiophores, cylindrical conidiogenous cells constricted at basal septa, and broad terminal denticles.
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Aschersonia mackerrasiae on whitefly, Cladosporium corticola on bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Penicillium nudgee from soil under Melaleuca quinquenervia, Pseudocercospora blackwoodiae on leaf spot of Persoonia falcata, and Pseudocercospora dalyelliae on leaf spot of Senna alata. Bolivia, Aspicilia lutzoniana on fully submersed siliceous schist in high-mountain streams, and Niesslia parviseta on the lower part and apothecial discs of Erioderma barbellatum on a twig. Brazil, Cyathus bonsai on decaying wood, Geastrum albofibrosum from moist soil with leaf litter, Laetiporus pratigiensis on a trunk of a living unknown hardwood tree species, and Scytalidium synnematicum on dead twigs of unidentified plant. Bulgaria, Amanita abscondita on sandy soil in a plantation of Quercus suber. Canada, Penicillium acericola on dead bark of Acer saccharum, and Penicillium corticola on dead bark of Acer saccharum. China, Colletotrichum qingyuanense on fruit lesion of Capsicum annuum. Denmark, Helminthosphaeria leptospora on corticioid Neohypochnicium cremicolor. Ecuador (Galapagos), Phaeosphaeria scalesiae on Scalesia sp. Finland, Inocybe jacobssonii on calcareous soils in dry forests and park habitats. France, Cortinarius rufomyrrheus on sandy soil under Pinus pinaster, and Periconia neominutissima on leaves of Poaceae. India, Coprinopsis fragilis on decaying bark of logs, Filoboletus keralensis on unidentified woody substrate, Penicillium sankaranii from soil, Physisporinus tamilnaduensis on the trunk of Azadirachta indica, and Poronia nagaraholensis on elephant dung. Iran, Neosetophoma fici on infected leaves of Ficus elastica. Israel, Cnidariophoma eilatica (incl. Cnidariophoma gen. nov.) from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Lyophyllum obscurum on acidic soil. Namibia, Aureobasidium faidherbiae on dead leaf of Faidherbia albida, and Aureobasidium welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis. Netherlands, Gaeumannomycella caricigena on dead culms of Carex elongata, Houtenomyces caricicola (incl. Houtenomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Carex disticha, Neodacampia ulmea (incl. Neodacampia gen. nov.) on branch of Ulmus laevis, Niesslia phragmiticola on dead standing culms of Phragmites australis, Pseudopyricularia caricicola on culms of Carex disticha, and Rhodoveronaea nieuwwulvenica on dead bamboo sticks. Norway, Arrhenia similis half-buried and moss-covered pieces of rotting wood in grass-grown path. Pakistan, Mallocybe ahmadii on soil. Poland, Beskidomyces laricis (incl. Beskidomyces gen. nov.) from resin of Larix decidua ssp. polonica, Lapidomyces epipinicola from sooty mould community on Pinus nigra, and Leptographium granulatum from a gallery of Dendroctonus micans on Picea abies. Portugal, Geoglossum azoricum on mossy areas of laurel forest areas planted with Cryptomeria japonica, and Lunasporangiospora lusitanica from a biofilm covering a biodeteriorated limestone wall. Qatar, Alternaria halotolerans from hypersaline sea water, and Alternaria qatarensis from water sample collected from hypersaline lagoon. South Africa, Alfaria thamnochorti on culm of Thamnochortus fraternus, Knufia aloeicola on Aloe gariepensis, Muriseptatomyces restionacearum (incl. Muriseptatomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Restionaceae, Neocladosporium arctotis on nest of cases of bag worm moths (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) on Arctotis auriculata, Neodevriesia scadoxi on leaves of Scadoxus puniceus, Paraloratospora schoenoplecti on stems of Schoenoplectus lacustris, Tulasnella epidendrea from the roots of Epidendrum × obrienianum, and Xenoidriella cinnamomi (incl. Xenoidriella gen. nov.) on leaf of Cinnamomum camphora. South Korea, Lemonniera fraxinea on decaying leaves of Fraxinus sp. from pond. Spain, Atheniella lauri on the bark of fallen trees of Laurus nobilis, Halocryptovalsa endophytica from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of Salicornia patula, Inocybe amygdaliolens on soil in mixed forest, Inocybe pityusarum on calcareous soil in mixed forest, Inocybe roseobulbipes on acidic soils, Neonectria borealis from roots of Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris, Sympoventuria eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., and Tuber conchae from soil. Sweden, Inocybe bidumensis on calcareous soil. Thailand, Cordyceps sandindaengensis on Lepidoptera pupa, buried in soil, Ophiocordyceps kuchinaraiensis on Coleoptera larva, buried in soil, and Samsoniella winandae on Lepidoptera pupa, buried in soil. Taiwan region (China), Neophaeosphaeria livistonae on dead leaf of Livistona rotundifolia. Türkiye, Melanogaster anatolicus on clay loamy soils. UK, Basingstokeomyces allii (incl. Basingstokeomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Allium schoenoprasum. Ukraine, Xenosphaeropsis corni on recently dead stem of Cornus alba. USA, Nothotrichosporon aquaticum (incl. Nothotrichosporon gen. nov.) from water, and Periconia philadelphiana from swab of coil surface. Morphological and culture characteristics for these new taxa are supported by DNA barcodes.
Biological control strategies have become an important tool in the sustainable management of plant diseases. This paper aims to report the Fusarium species that affect fava beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) grown in Paraíba, Brazil, and determines the potential of Trichoderma isolates to control these fungi. Two Trichoderma and ten Fusarium isolates from fava bean seeds were selected. The beans were obtained from cultivated areas in the municipalities of Remígio, Alagoa Grande and Campina Grande, in Paraíba state. Phylogenetic analyzes based on DNA sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene resolved the Fusarium isolates into four species belonging to the F. fujikuroi and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complexes. In vitro tests showed that the two isolates of Trichoderma tested presented antagonistic potential against the pathogens from the fava beans evaluated. In the direct comparison test, the growth of the pathogens was reduced from the seventh day in both treatments. Sporulation also showed a reduction, but only for 40% of Fusarium isolates. This work demonstrates that Trichoderma isolates can be used as a sustainable alternative to manage Fusarium spp. infection of fava beans.
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