RESUMOGPS sobre a rede de nivelamento geométrico para comparar com o modelo geoidal obtido. As anomalias de altura adicionadas de um termo de correção dependente da topografia derivadas do EGM2008 (grau 2190 e ordem 2159), GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R2 (grau e ordem 240), GOCO02S (grau e ordem 250), EIGEN 51C (grau e ordem 359) e EIGEN 6C (grau e ordem 1420), bem como as alturas geoidais derivadas do MAPGEO2004 (antigo modelo oficial do IBGE) também foram comparadas com os pontos GPS sobre nivelamento.

An evaluation of recent GOCE geopotential models in BrazilSeveral global geopotential models based on Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) data have been published in the last two years. Some of these models use combinations of different satellite missions, while others use only GOCE data. This paper presents the evaluation and analysis of each approach using GOCE data in the Southeast of Brazil. Two assessments have been made. We compared the geoid heights derived from GOCE-based models with the geoidal heights from 176 GPS stations on leveling benchmarks. The findings show an improvement in GOCE-based models TIM_R3 (0.40 m) and DIR_R3 (0.39 m) for degree and order 210 in relation to EGM2008 (0.44 m) in terms of RMS. For the other models the results did not exceed 0.44 m. The second evaluation reports the comparison in terms of gravity disturbances between terrestrial gravity data and the models. The results, in terms of RMS and up to degree and order 210, indicate slightly low GOCO 02S values (10.34 mGal), TIM_R2 (10.37 mGal) and TIM_R3 (10.47 mGal) compared to EGM2008 (10.66 mGal). We also applied the residual terrain model and, as a result, the RMS errors were reduced by ~35% (~6.0 mGal) in the entire area and by ~45% in the mountain region.

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In the upcoming decades, cement production growth is expected to exceed the increase in availability of clinker substitutes. Increased clinker replacement rates in cement and use of alternatives fuels were pointed out as the main alternatives for reducing emissions of the national cement industry, whilst increasing cement production in 2050. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) offers a framework to capture environmental consequences from demand alterations. Modelling the cement production and markets involved is however challenging, given conceptual (only unconstrained markets are considered) and practical modelling limitations (e.g. model granularity compatible with CLCA interests). This paper refers to an ongoing work and adopts a two-stage approach to discuss the effects of the change on the average cement production process in Brazil. We first performed a CLCA without formal affected market identification to estimate the potential environmental impacts of the technology change proposed in the Brazilian Cement Technology Roadmap. Secondly, we used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of the Brazilian economy to (more) realistically foresee short-term effects induced by such change. The CGE model comprises 102 economic activities, including cement production and its production chain. Our results indicate that (i) increasing the proportion of calcined clay and limestone filler as clinker partial substitutes and (ii) excluding charcoal from the fuel mix composition at the kiln would impact all economic sectors. Our preliminary findings suggest that the increased efficiency in cement production would create some rebound effect that would not invalidate the emission benefits from displacing energy and virgin materials. Additional impact categories and consequences in other economic sectors should be further investigated.

The physical heights definition of heights, proposed by Helmert in 1890 is one of the commonly used heights systems in practice. In Helmert’s definition, the mean value of gravity along plumbline is computed by simplifying the topography with a Bouguer shell containing masses with mean density value. Although this approximation might be accurate enough many purposes, a more rigorous definition can be determined by considering the effects of terrain, topographic mass density variation, and masses contained in the geoid the mean gravity value along the plumbline. The purpose of this paper is to compute the corrections for the Helmert’s definition of the orthometric heights to obtain the rigorous orthometric heights in the state of São Paulo and adjacent states and to evaluate these corrections. The heights system used in Brazil (until July 2018) and some South American countries is normal-orthometric heights, therefore the corrections needs to be applied accordingly. Our numerical results show that there are significant differences between the normal-orthometric and rigorous orthometric heights, with maximum values of ~ 0.4 m, minimum of ~ -0.8 m and mean value of ~ -0.32 m. There are larger differences between normal-orthometric and normal height than the ones between normal and rigorous definition of orthometric heights.

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Há diversos métodos para a realização do posicionamento com o GNSS, dentre elas encontra-se o PPP, que na atualidade, é um método de posicionamento, que vislumbra como uma grande potencialidade para obtenção de coordenadas com um alto nível de qualidade, utilizando apenas um receptor. Podendo assim, ser utilizado em aplicações precisas, como a geodinâmica, especificamente em monitoramento da crosta terrestre. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da influência da carga hídrica na altitude geométrica obtida através do processamento PPP da estação da rede de monitoramento contínuo, denominada MGIN. Nestas análises utilizaram-se dados de temporada de seca e cheia do Rio Mogi-Guaçu e dados de altitude geométrica. A relação entre estes dados mostrou as implicações da carga hídrica sobre as altitudes geométricas, acentuando o soerguimento da crosta. Estes deslocamentos da crosta causados pela influência hídrica, afetam de forma direta as estações GNSS. Isto implica que mesmo com uma distância de 484 metros e uma diferença de nível de 35 metros do rio, o carregamento hídrico influência diretamente na altitude geométrica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Altitude Geométrica. Carga Hídrica. Deslocamento da Crosta. PPP.

The purpose of this manuscript is to compute and to evaluate the geoid model in the State of São Paulo from two methodologies (Stokes' integral through the Fast Fourier Transform -FFT and Least Squares Collocation -LSC). Another objective of this study is to verify the potentiality of GOCE-based. A special attention is given to GOCE mission. The theory related to Stokes' integral and Least Squares Collocation is also discussed in this work. The spectral decomposition was employed in the geoid models computation and the long wavelength component was represented by EGM2008 up to degree and order 150 and 360 and GOCE-based models up to 150. The models were compared in terms of geoid height residual and absolute and relative comparisons from GPS/leveling and the results show consistency between them. In addition, a comparison in the mountain regions was carried out to verify the methodologies behavior in this area; the results showed that LSC is less consistent than FFT. Keywords: Geodesy; Geoid Model; GOCE Mission; Gravity. Outro objetivo deste estudo é verificar a potencialidade dos modelos baseados no satélite GOCE. Uma atenção especial é dada à missão GOCE. A teoria relacionada à integral de Stokes e a LSC também é discutida nesse trabalho. A decomposição espectral foi empregada no cálculo dos modelos geoidais e os longos comprimentos de onda foram representados pelo EGM2008 até grau e ordem 150 e 360 e pelos modelos do GOCE até 150.Os modelos foram comparados em termos de resíduo da altura geoidal e de comparações absolutas e relativas a partir de pontos GPS sobre nivelamento, sendo que os resultados mostram consistência entre si. O modelo geoidal no Estado de São Paulo tem uma consistência de 0,20 m em relação aos pontos GPS sobre nivelamento. Uma comparação na região montanhosa também foi realizada para verificar o comportamento das metodologias naquela região; os resultados mostraram que a LSC é menos consistente do que a FFT.