Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cognitive dysfunction in old ages. AD is characterised by beta- amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein. It has an extensive preclinical stage, which emphasizes the importance of the biological components related to an early diagnostic: biomarkers. Objectives: After critical analysis of the selected literature, this review has the goal of describing the main biomarkers in AD and discussing different ways of detecting it. Methods: This review was elaborated after a literature review in the PubMed database, with 15 articles published between 2016 and 2021. The keywords were used with the boolean operator “AND”. Articles of meta-analysis, review and systematic review were selected. Results: It was found central biomarkers for the AD diagnostic, such as Tau and Aβ. The following tests were used: CSF puncture; blood tests; neuroimaging; saliva and mucosa samples. Aβ and Tau can be collected by CSF or PET-TC. Conclusions: Biomarkers play an important role in early AD diagnostic, even with limitations in the tests. The CSF and PET-TC are expensive methods, only used in atypical cases of AD. Reliable blood tests remain in development. In conclusion, there’s the need for more studies about alternative diagnostic tests, that are non-invasive and have low cost. Those developments can be beneficial for health plans, helping early diagnosis of AD.
Introduction: Shaken baby syndrome is common in neurotrauma in children, with an estimated incidence of 14 to 40 cases per 100,000 children under 1 year. The sudden acceleration and deceleration movement of the head is the main cause. The diagnosis is made through the analysis of the patient’s clinical history and imaging exams that search for retinal hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, skull and rib fractures. Objectives: To identify the main diagnostic neurological manifestations associated with the Shaken Baby Syndrome. Methods: A narrative review including meta-analysis articles, review and systematic review was carried out in the PubMed database with the following descriptors: shaken + baby + syndrome from 2011 to 2021. Results: Most children with SBS arrive at the hospital with nonspecific symptoms. Initial neurological manifestations include decreased level of consciousness, lack of appetite, persistent crying for no apparent reason, lethargy, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness and, in severe cases, can present apnea, bulging of the fontanelle, convulsions and shock. Late consequences include difficulty reading, vision problems, including blindness, hearing and physical impairment, cerebral palsy and death. Conclusions: SBS is a major cause of child mortality from physical abuse. It is associated with the sudden movement of the head and its main cause is the lack of knowledge of this syndrome.
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