Imaging diagnostics in JET have become essential in the study of plasma wall interactions and the protection of the plasma facing components. During Deuterium operations, the location of these diagnostics was at close proximity to the vessel. However, for the 50-50 Deuterium-Tritium operation, the neutron yield impact onto the electronics of these imaging diagnostics would have caused them to fail completely at these locations. Shielding these systems from neutrons is achieved by relocating a selected number of these imaging systems to outside the Torus Hall (i.e., to the other side of the biological shield wall). The relocation encompasses the construction of two new lines of sight crossing through the biological shield wall and each of them using an optical relay which extends to separate ports in the machine.
This article starts with a brief description of two new viewing systems. However, it focuses on the optical modelling and engineering design of one of them which is a multiple camera system producing a wide angle view (WAV) of the inside of the vessel. This WAV system has been used successfully during the recent D-T campaign. It operates in a broadband wavelength range extending from the visible to the middle infrared. It also incorporates a novel in-house horizontal kinematic mirror mount made from glass reinforced plastic as part of the optical relay. The operational stability of the WAV system has also been assessed and some post design improvements implemented.
The study analyses the development of Hungarian rural sub-regions. After the delimiting of the countryside, we focus on the academic literature of endogenous regional development. There are many approaches to the theory and, thus, there are differences and similarities between the key factors of the theory. We synthesize these forms of capital to create a conceptual framework that can serve as a basis for quantitative analyses. We propose our own measuring system and a model to reveal the relations among endogenous capital factors in the framework of a descriptive analysis, relying on the theory of endogenous development. Furthermore, we propose a model that explains development, and includes latent variables symbolising the forms of capital. We then examine the model using a partial least squares path analysis. The results show that the various forms of capital thought to be relevant in the literature are not all included in the regression model. This shows and helps us to understand the connections between forms of capital, although the model is only valid in a rural context. Furthermore, we find that the relations between the forms of capital vary considerably over time.
Understanding territorial processes has come to the focus of relevant enquiries in the past few decades but it is especially important in the case of less favoured areas. In this particular research project presented here, the major factors of endogenous development and their presence in the regions of Visegrad countries -Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary -have been investigated. The theory of endogenous development, namely the utilisation of the given resources, has become the focus of many empirical analyses and it means the framework of quantitative analysis. The main aim of the paper is the examination and explanation of the effects of each capital on development. A model is proposed that explains development and includes latent variables symbolising the forms of capital. The model then is further examined using a Partial Least Squares (PLS) path analysis. This shows and helps to understand the connections between the various forms of capital, although the model is only valid in a Visegrad context. The first part of the paper reviews the academic literature of development theories, and it outlines how the concept has been understood and developed in the last few decades. In the next chapter of the paper, the concept is examined from a narrower perspective and the focus is on the theory of endogenous development, which is assumed to be a qualitative change. Despite the fact that in this case it is very difficult to carry out quantitative analyses, they have an obvious relevance in regional research. Besides defining endogenous development, several models and capitals are compared in the paper. The compa rison shows the most important elements by the usage of which the development of the Visegrad regions becomes measurable. The methodology of the empirical test can be found in the next chapter, and it means that research questions were tried to be answered based on the latest statistical indicators, i.e., the Eurostat database and the national databases of the Visegrad countries. In the abovementioned countries 115 NUTS3 regions can be found, hence this array of territories serves as the framework for the quantitative analysis. The territorial units are compared to multivariate analysis, so the accumulation of various forms of capitals has been analysed by PLS path analysis. With the help of the method, a simultaneous factor and regression analysis is run, enabling the analysis of the direct and indirect effects among the latent variables. It helps to highlight the effects of capitals on each of these.
In the years following the regime change of 1989-90, Hungary faced numerous economic and political challenges. Apart from the dominance of privatisation, the '90s can definitely be described as a decade of transition. The performance of the Hungarian economy had reached the pre-transition level by the turn of the millennium, while the labour market and the structure of economic sectors had undergone substantial changes. In the present paper, we investigate how stable the developed sectoral structure proved to be in the two decades that followed and what territorial specificities the changes were characterised by. Our main question is how further structural changes -besides the sectors' performance (productivity) growthcontributed to the changing economic performance of territorial units in the period of 2000-2019.In our study, we divide productivity change into a "between-sector" and a "within-sector" element. We regard the analysis as a relevant research question in general as well. However, the global financial crisis occurring at the "mid-term" of the studied period (2008) represents a special rupture. The analysis framework is provided by the counties (NUTS3 regions), we conduct our analysis in this context. It can be established that the primary factor of productivity growth is the increase of performance within sector groups and not the change in the economic structure of counties. The impact of structural changes is smaller in magnitude and may even have a negative value in several cases, i.e., the economic structure of counties has shifted from higher-productivity sectors towards those with lower productivity.
A társadalmi-gazdasági elemzések középpontjában gyakran szerepel a területi egyenlőtlenségek vizsgála-ta. Az utóbbi időben oly népszerű endogén fejlődés témakörének -és azon belül a területitőke-elmélet empirikus vizsgálatának -fókuszában a városok vagy általánosságban egy adott hierarchiaszint területegysé-gei állnak. Ezek az elemzések azonban, némi túlzással élve, megfeledkeznek a vidéki (rurális) terekről, de legalábbis nem állítják azokat a középpontba.Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy az endogénfejlődés-elmélet tőketényezőinek egymásra gyakorolt hatását vizsgálja. Az elemzés keretét a magyar kistérségi rendszer vidékies jelleggel bíró területegységei adják. A szerzők a PLS-(partial least squares -parciális legkisebb négyzetek) módszer (más néven PLS-útelemzés) segítségével vizsgált, jólétet magyarázó modellbe tő-ketényezőket megtestesítő látens változókat vonnak be. Megállapítják, hogy ez nem az összes tőketénye-zővel tehető, illetve az egyes tőkék hatása is eltérő lehet a vizsgálat területi aspektusától függően. Jelen modell látens változói minden esetben pozitívan hatnak a jólét alakulására.TÁRGYSZÓ: PLS-útelemzés. Vidék. Endogén fejlődés.
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