The probability of displaying ADHD symptoms (and caseness) is greater among the "earlier" beginners, whereas the "conventional" classmates exhibited better academic, social, and behavioral functioning.

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AimIn this study we aimed to identify the perceptions and thoughts and their association with state/trait anxiety, depression that may lead to resistance to insulin treatment in patients with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in order to facilitate their compliance with insulin treatment.MethodIn this study, 120 patients were recruited with a previous type 2 DM diagnosis from the diabetes outpatient clinic. Patients were evaluated with sociodemographic data, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale, Beck Depression Inventory.ResultsA majority of the patients were found to have resistance for startinginsulin treatment. Most of the patientswho were on other treatment alternatives reported that they wouldn’t use insulin even if they were prescribed insulin. A significant number of patients reported negative perceptions and thoughts about insulin treatment such as “insulin is a punishment”, “it is a shame to use insulin where other people can see”. In women injection phobia was significantly higher. Injection avoidance was significantly high and was more related to feeling insufficient about administration instead of worries about pain. Psychological resistance to insulin was significantly related to depression but not associated with state or trait anxiety levels. Lack of education and knowledge was found to be another important contributor to this resistance.ResultsType 2 DM patients show psychological resistance to insulin treatment due to negative perceptions and thoughts about the treatment. Cognitive interventions targeting these factors may be useful to overcome psychological insulin resistance and faciliate glisemic control.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Aim: To our knowledge; this is the first study that compared the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole 1-month and paliperidone 1-month and paliperidone 3-month long-acting forms preparations as well as plasma drug levels during the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in the real world. Method: In our study, subjects were evaluated every month for four months with relevant psychiatric measures and plasma drug levels. Follow-up days were determined as days 0, 30, 60, and 90. Plasma drug levels of the treatments were analyzed by using LC/MS-MS. Results: No superiority was observed between the groups regarding PANSS positive and general psychopathology (p>0.05). It was observed that PANSS negative and total scores were statistically lower in the aripiprazole once-monthly group than in the paliperidone 3-month preparations (p<0.05). We observed that Quality of Life Scale interpersonal relations scores, the aripiprazole 1-month group exhibited higher scores than both of the paliperidone groups. Aripiprazole 1-month group scored higher than the paliperidone 1-month group in the intrapsychic foundations subscale (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between extrapyramidal adverse effect, akathisia, and insight levels among the three groups (p>0.05). Aripiprazole 1- month group scored significantly lower than both paliperidone groups in the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (p<0.001). Aripiprazole metabolite was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in the Calgary Depression Assessment Scale in Schizophrenia (p<0.05) and the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (p<0.05). Conclusion: Aripiprazole once-monthly showed superiority in efficacy aspects to PP3M but not PP1M and similar safety with both paliperidone formulations.

PurposeObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Although some epidemiological studies take part in literature, which claim that traumatic life events in childhood ages are observed more in patients with OCD compared to healthy population, the number of these studies is limited. In this study, it is aimed to compare OCD patients with healthy volunteers in terms of traumatic life events in childhood ages.MethodWith 25 consecutive patients who are diagnosed as OCD and whose treatment continues, 25 healthy controls equivalent in terms of sociodemographic features are included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Childhood Age Trauma Quarter (CTQ) and Maudley Obsessive Compulsive Question List (MOCQL) are applied to the participants. Significance Value in statistical level is accepted as P < 0.05.FindingsIn OCD patient group, CTQ scores are found high in statistical level compared to healthy controls. It has been determined that there is a significant relationship between total score of MOCQL slowness subscale scores, subscale scores of sexual and emotional abuse, MOCQL rumination subscale scores and CTQ sexual abuse scores.ResultCompared to healthy controls, more findings of traumatic life event in childhood age are observed within OCD patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Objective: This study aims to evaluate the blood pressure and heart rates of the patients treated with aripiprazole once-monthly, paliperidone 1-month, and paliperidone 3-month long-acting injections. Patients and Methods: This study was a non-invasive observational study. Subjects using the same long-acting injection preparation for at least four months without skipped injections were assigned to 3 groups according to their treatments. They were screened starting from routine injection day and monthly for four months. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded for each subject. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure among the three treatment groups demonstrated no statıstıcal significance. The heart rate of the paliperidone 3-month group was significantly higher than the aripiprazole once-monthly group. However, the mean heart rate was within the physiological limits. Thus, a clinical significance can hardly be attributed. Conclusion: Aripiprazole once-monthly, paliperidone 1-month, and paliperidone 3- month long-acting injections are non-inferior regarding heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the maintenance treatment.