h i g h l i g h t sPetrological and biological aspects of Indian coal-derived fly ash are addressed. The petrology of coal-derived fly and bottom ashes is dominated by glass and spinel. The deposition of coal fly ash over the plants leaves reduces the photosynthesis rate. Coal-derived fly ash affects the stomatal conductance in plants leaves. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
Keywords:Indian coal fly ash Petrology of fly ash Biology of fly ash Power plant Photosynthesis a b s t r a c t India has about a tenth of the world's coal reserves, much of it with high mineral content. These coals produce a large amount of fly ash, which can affect human health and environmental quality aspects during utilization. In this paper, the petrological and biological aspects of some industrially important Indian coal fly ash (CFA) from a coal-based captive power plant are addressed. The petrology of the CFAs is also studied for the samples collected in different times. The study has revealed that the CFAs contain mainly glass fragments, spinel, quartz, and other minerals in lesser quantities. Fly ash carbons were present as chars, possibly from the incomplete combustion of the coals (bituminous and/or subbituminous) used in the power plant. The deposition of CFAs over the leaves of different plant species reduces the photosynthesis rate by about 95% within a period of 2 h. The CFAs also show minor effects to some test microbes. This investigation will be useful in assessment of the environmental impact of a coal-based power plant.
Анализируется комплекс каменных изделий с русского поселения XVII-XVIII вв. Наибольший интерес представляют каменные скребла. Их трасологический анализ показал, что на поселении существовала специализированная технология расщепления галек и изготовления из галечных отщепов скребел для первичной обработки шкур. Скребла были приспособлены для удаления мездры путем как состругивания, так и соскабливания.Ключевые слова: каменные скребла, рыболовные грузила, точильные камни, вторичное использование древних артефактов.
The reason that prompted the authors to write this article was an archaeological artifact (found in 2009 during excavations of the Mangazeya settlement) in the form of a pine tablet with Cyrillic letters carved on it. The analysis of the inscription demonstrates that it was neither an educational text nor a meaningless set of letters. This was a completely coherent document, called “a debt bondage” (Rus. кабала) in the seventeenth century and earlier and “a promissory note” later. The document refers to private legal acts, but due to the absence of surnames and the names of witnesses confirming its contents, it is difficult to consider this promissory note a completed legal act. The appearance and content of the tablet refer to similar private legal acts from the northwest of Russia (Veliky Novgorod and Pskov) and demonstrate certain archaic features. This proves the survivability of northern Russian culture in colonised northern Siberia (where for obvious reasons there was a deficit of paper, an already common material in the seventeenth century). The promissory note from Mangazeya is a sample of everyday writing, a rather archaic form of private legal act that existed in the Novgorodian north long before the start of the Russian colonisation of Siberia.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.