h i g h l i g h t sPetrological and biological aspects of Indian coal-derived fly ash are addressed. The petrology of coal-derived fly and bottom ashes is dominated by glass and spinel. The deposition of coal fly ash over the plants leaves reduces the photosynthesis rate. Coal-derived fly ash affects the stomatal conductance in plants leaves. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Keywords:Indian coal fly ash Petrology of fly ash Biology of fly ash Power plant Photosynthesis a b s t r a c t India has about a tenth of the world's coal reserves, much of it with high mineral content. These coals produce a large amount of fly ash, which can affect human health and environmental quality aspects during utilization. In this paper, the petrological and biological aspects of some industrially important Indian coal fly ash (CFA) from a coal-based captive power plant are addressed. The petrology of the CFAs is also studied for the samples collected in different times. The study has revealed that the CFAs contain mainly glass fragments, spinel, quartz, and other minerals in lesser quantities. Fly ash carbons were present as chars, possibly from the incomplete combustion of the coals (bituminous and/or subbituminous) used in the power plant. The deposition of CFAs over the leaves of different plant species reduces the photosynthesis rate by about 95% within a period of 2 h. The CFAs also show minor effects to some test microbes. This investigation will be useful in assessment of the environmental impact of a coal-based power plant.
Дендрохронологические методы в архитектурно-этнографическом обследовании поселений русских в Сибири (на примере города Тары Омской области) Статья посвящена проблемам включения методов дендрохронологии в архитектурно-этнографическое обследование. Впервые ставится вопрос об обязательном его применении при исследовании поселений русских в Сибири. На примере архитектурно-этнографического обследования восьми недвижимых объектов культурного наследия г. Тары показаны преимущества и недостатки междисциплинарного подхода к датировке памятников архитектуры. В результате включенного наблюдения, анализа имеющейся источниковой и литературной базы, фотофиксации, были описаны архитектурные особенности построек и проведено предварительное датирование. Дендрохронологическая часть заключалась в применении стандартной методики датировки, которая предполагает наличие двух составляющих-привязанной к календарной шкале обобщенной индексированной древесно-кольцевой хронологии по району исследования и относительной («плавающей») хронологии, построенной по образцам с исторического памятника. Обладая рядом неоспоримых преимуществ, метод дендрохронологии имеет и закономерные ограничения. Например, в нашем случае возникли сложности с датировкой зданий со следами многочисленных перестроек. Вместе с тем междисциплинарный подход позволяет преодолеть эти сложности благодаря многофакторному анализу с привлечением данных нескольких дисциплин. По результатам проведенного исследования было уточнено время сооружения (перестройки) нескольких недвижимых объектов культурного наследия г. Тары и построена 419-летняя древесно-кольцевая хронология, охватывающая период с 1596 по 2015 г., что в дальнейшем поможет датировать древесину памятников деревянного зодчества Западной Сибири XVII-XVIII вв.
The paper presents the results of a complex historical and dendrochronological study of folk architecture of peasant-migrants of the first quarter of the 20th century who lived in the territory of the Middle Angara River region (Bratsk district of Irkutsk Oblast). Based on the dendrochronological studies, visual inspection of buildings and interviews with local residents, initial features and dynamics of adaptation changes in the building culture of the peasant-migrants were reconstructed. It has been established that the migrants tried to preserve as much as pos-sible of the building technologies from their homeland, changing only those elements that impeded the adaptation in the new environmental and climatic conditions. At the same time, a significant proportion of the peasant-migrants tried to reproduce at the new place those examples of folk architecture that in their homeland were cha-racteristic of most prosperous peasants. It has been concluded that in the Bratsk district, the building culture of the migrants underwent a higher degree of transformations than in other areas of the Angara basin region. Those mi-grants who settled in the vicinity of Russian old-settlers experienced heavy influences from their folk architecture.
Nowadays in Yeniseysk more than seventy diverse wooden architecture monuments have been preserved. The time of their construction remains debated. On the basis of a comprehensive (dendrochronological, historical and architectural) study, a chronological typology was created, according to which wooden structures (residential buildings, outbuildings and some government buildings) were grouped into four chronological types: I — structures of the first quarter of the 19th century (izbas, five-wall houses on a high utility basement with a hip or pyramidal roof with small windows that retained the features of the Russia’s North tradition); II — structures of the late 1860s — early 1890s (post-fire eclectic two-storey buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor of the side extension and outbuildings attached to them); III — buildings of the 1890s (government wooden buildings and one-two-storey residential buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor, which differ from the second type in less expressive design features (cornice platbands, etc.)); IV — buildings of the early 20th century (one-storey buildings with the bright saw-cut decoration of platbands and cornice). A separate group was made up of objects with more archaic features (compared with the obtained dendrochronological dates), which preserved old traditions. The proposed chronological typology made it possible to detail the town-planning processes of Yeniseysk. The methodological arsenal developed in the work is expanding and deepening the research potential of trends in Siberian wooden urban construction study towards the end of the 18th — beginning of the 20th century. The developed methodological approach has a significant research potential for the chronological attribution of Siberian wooden urban construction in the late 18th — early 20th centuries.
Scientists face with many limitations that affect the success of dendrochronological dating working with archaeological (architectural) sites in Western Siberia. Here we analysed 134 sites and carried out the existing limitations of the method in different natural areas. As a result, a connection between the efficiency of dendrochronological dating and the physical and geographical conditions of sites was found. Created algorithm allowed to assess the potential of dendrochronology for the forest-steppe, taiga and forest-tundra areas of Western Siberia. The scientific results presented in the article can be used to solve the problems of chronology and periodization of archaeological and architectural sites of Western Siberia, as well as to increase the overall efficiency of the application of the dendrochronological method.
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