RESUMOAtributos físicos de solo foram avaliados num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Passo Fundo, RS, dez anos após o estabelecimento (1993 a 2003) de cinco sistemas de produção integrando culturas produtoras de grãos, pastagens de inverno e forrageiras perenes: I) trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e ervilhaca/milho; II) trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e forrageiras anuais -aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho; III) forrageiras perenes da estação fria -festuca + trevo-branco + trevo-vermelho + cornichão; IV) forrageiras perenes da estação quente -pensacola + aveia-preta + azevém + trevo-branco + trevo-vermelho + cornichão; e V) alfafa para feno, acrescentada em 1994, como tratamento adicional, com repetições em áreas contíguas ao experimento. Metade das áreas sob os sistemas III, IV e V retornou ao sistema I a partir do verão de 1996. As culturas, tanto de inverno como de verão, foram estabelecidas sob plantio direto. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Amostras de solo também foram coletadas em fragmento de floresta subtropical ao lado do experimento. O aumento da densidade do solo e da microporosidade, e a redução da porosidade total e da macroporosidade, devido aos distintos sistemas de produção de grãos com pastagens, não atingiram níveis capazes de promover degradação do solo. Os sistemas com pastagens perenes apresentaram menor densidade do solo e maior porosidade total e macroporosidade na camada 0-2 cm, em relação aos sistemas de produção de grãos ou produção de grãos com pastagens anuais.Termos de indexação: rotação de culturas, integração lavoura-pecuária, densidade do solo, porosidade total.(1) Recebido para publicação em março de 2007 e aprovado em dezembro de 2008.
RESUMOA integração da lavoura com a pecuária altera a estrutura do solo, que, por sua vez, interfere nas características físicas na camada superficial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físicos de solo e o rendimento de grãos num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Passo Fundo (RS), oito anos após o estabelecimento (1993 a 2000) de sistemas de produção com culturas produtoras de grãos e forrageiras sob pastejo: (I) trigo/soja, aveia branca/soja e ervilhaca/ milho; (II) trigo/soja, aveia branca/soja e pastagem de aveia preta + ervilhaca/ milho; (III) pastagens perenes da estação fria (festuca + trevo branco + trevo vermelho + cornichão); (IV) pastagens perenes da estação quente (pensacola + aveia preta + azevém + trevo branco + trevo vermelho + cornichão), e (V) alfafa para feno, tratamento adicional acrescentado em 1994, com repetições em áreas contíguas ao experimento. As áreas sob os sistemas III, IV e V retornaram ao sistema I a partir do verão de 1996. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Amostras de solo também foram coletadas em fragmento de floresta subtropical ao lado do experimento, como testemunha da condição original do solo. A densidade do solo mostrou-se maior na camada subsuperficial (10-15 cm) do que na camada superficial (0-5 cm), enquanto para os valores de porosidade total e de macroporosidade ocorreu o inverso. Nos sistemas I, II, III e IV, foram observados maiores valores de densidade do solo e menores de porosidade total e macroporosidade na camada superficial, enquanto, no sistema V e em floresta subtropical, foram encontrados menores valores de densidade e maiores de porosidade total e de macroporosidade. Não houve diferenças entre os atributos físicos para sistemas com e sem integração lavourapecuária. Não foram verificadas correlações significativas entre rendimento de culturas e atributos físicos de solo, exceto para macroporosidade do solo na cultura de soja na camada de 0-5 cm.Termos de indexação: rotação de culturas, densidade do solo, porosidade total.
The N requirements of grasses grown in legume‐grass mixtures can be met in part via transfer of symbiotically fixed N from the legume to the nonlegume. The objectives of this study were to determine above‐ and belowground biomass production and N accumulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) in a mixed stand and to investigate N cycling between these species. Available soil inorganic N was monitored and biomass production and N accumulation were determined over 3 yr. Symbiotic N2 fixation and N transfer were estimated using 15N‐enriched isotope dilution, natural 15N abundance, and N‐difference methods. Both species depleted available soil N to comparable levels (less than 5 mg kg−1 soil). Following the establishment year, the majority of alfalfa N was allocated to aboveground plant production, whereas N‐stressed meadow bromegrass favored belowground allocation. Estimates of the proportion of N derived from fixation in alfalfa using 15N‐enriched isotope dilution and N‐difference methods ranged from 74 to 89%, and 76 to 93%, respectively, after the establishment year. Use of the natural 15N abundance method resulted in consistently lower estimates of N2 fixation as compared with the 15N‐enriched isotope dilution and N‐difference methods. The average potential annual net N input was 86 kg N ha−1 in the mixed sward and 168 kg N ha−1 in monocropped alfalfa. Maximum net transfer of N from alfalfa to meadow bromegrass, estimated using 15N‐enriched isotope dilution, was 55 kg ha−1. Evidence suggests that N transfer largely occurred indirectly via net N mineralization of belowground plant components.
Palavras-chave: rotação de culturas, fertilidade do solo, preparo convencional de solo, cultivo mínimo,semeadura direta. ABSTRACTCropping systems and soil managment can change soil chemical properties. Soil fertility characteriscs were assessed after eight years (1985 to 1993) on a typical dystrophic red latosol located in Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Four soil management systems 1) no-tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using a disk plow plus disk harrow, and 4) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow plus disk harrow and three cropping systems [I (wheat/ soybean), II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn), and III (wheat/soybean, common vetch/corn and white oat/soybean)] were evaluated. A randomized complete block design, with split-plots and three replicates, was used. The main field plots (4 x 90m) were formed by soil management systems, while the subplots (4 x 10m) consisted of crop systems. The pH and concentration of exchangeable Al, exchangeable Ca + Mg, soil organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K were affected by soil management and cropping systems. Higher contents of soil organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K were observed in the 0-5cm layer for the conservation tillage systems (minimum tillage and no-tillage), as compared to the conventional tillage systems (disk plow and moldboard plow). The values of soil organic matter, P, and K were higher in the 0-5 cm layer, when compared to the ones observed in the 15-20cm layer, in all soil management and cropping systems.
Transfer of N from legumes to associated non-legumes has been demonstrated under a wide range of conditions. Because legumes are able to derive their N requirements from N2 fixation, legumes can serve, through the transfer of N, as a source of N for accompanying non-legumes. Studies, therefore, are often limited to the transfer of N from the legume to the non-legume. However, legumes preferentially rely on available soil N as their source of N. To determine whether N can be transferred from a non-legume to a legume, two greenhouse experiments were conducted. In the short-term N-transfer experiment, a portion of the foliage of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was immersed in a highly labelled 15N-solution and following a 64 h incubation, the roots and leaves of the associated alfalfa and bromegrass were analyzed for lSN. In the long-term N transfer experiment, alfalfa and bromegrass were grown in an 15N-labelled nutrient solution and transplanted in pots with unlabelled bromegrass and alfalfa plants. Plants were harvested at 50 and 79 d after transplanting and analyzed for 15N content. Whether alfalfa or bromegrass were the donor plants in the short-term experiment, roots and leaves of all neighbouring alfalfa and bromegrass plants were enriched with 15N. Similarly, when alfalfa or bromegrass was labelled in the long-term experiment, the roots and shoots of neighbouring alfalfa and bromegrass plants became enriched with lSN. These two studies conclusively show that within a short period of time, N is transferred from both the N2-fixing legume to the associated non-legume and also from the non-legume to the N2-fixing legume. The occurrence of a bi-directional N transfer between N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing plants should be taken into consideration when the intensity of N cycling and the directional flow of N in pastures and natural ecosystems are investigated.
RESUMOA fertilidade do solo foi avaliada num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Passo Fundo (RS), após cinco anos de estabelecimento (1993 a 1997) de quatro sistemas de produção, integrando grãos, pastagens anuais de inverno e pastagens perenes: sistema I (trigo/soja, aveia branca/soja e ervilhaca/milho); sistema II (trigo/soja, aveia branca/soja e aveia preta + ervilhaca pastejadas/milho); sistema III [pastagens perenes da estação fria (festuca + trevo branco + cornichão)]; sistema IV [pastagens perenes da estação quente (pensacola + aveia preta + azevém + trevo vermelho + cornichão)], e sistema V (alfafa para feno), acrescentado como tratamento adicional com repetições em áreas contíguas ao experimento em 1994. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os sistemas de produção, sob plantio direto, elevaram os teores de matéria orgânica, de P extraível e de K trocável, principalmente na camada de solo de 0-5 cm. Nos quatro primeiros sistemas de produção, houve aumento dos valores de pH e de Ca + Mg trocáveis, da superfície (0-5 cm) para a camada mais profunda do solo (15-20 cm), enquanto com o valor de Al trocável ocorreu o contrário. Os sistemas com pastagens perenes mostraram maior teor de matéria orgânica na camada superficial do solo do que os sistemas com pastagens anuais.Termos de indexação: rotação de culturas, integração lavoura-pecuária, pastagem anual e perene.
Belowground transfer of N from legumes to associated grasses has been extensively documented; however, transfer of N via decomposition of plant material and reabsorption of released N remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to (i) assess the intensity of litterfall and harvest losses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) under field conditions and (ii) determine the quantity of N transferred from aboveground plant components. Litterfall and harvest losses were quantified over 3 yr. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the 15N isotope dilution technique. The return of N to the soil via litterfall losses of alfalfa and bromegrass was 13 and 4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Alfalfa returned an additional 15 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to the soil via harvest losses; bromegrass contributed an additional 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Bromegrass remained a source of N to the N2‐fixing alfalfa, even though it was N‐limited, and alfalfa successfully competed with the N‐stressed bromegrass for available N derived from litterfall and harvest losses. Alfalfa accumulated twice the amount of N from litterfall and harvest losses compared with bromegrass (2 vs. 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Clearly, alfalfa was a strong competitor for available N and acted as both a source and a strong sink for recycled N. The total amount of N transferred from alfalfa to bromegrass and vice versa via decomposition of aboveground plant components was found to be remarkably similar (≈ 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Therefore, the net flow of N between alfalfa and bromegrass was negligible, and no net N contribution of alfalfa to associated bromegrass from the decomposition of litterfall and harvest losses was detected. We concluded that, although alfalfa released more N through the decomposition of litterfall and harvest losses than bromegrass, alfalfa also reabsorbed more recycled N. Published estimates of net N transfer between alfalfa and bromegrass, therefore, could not be explained by the input of N from litterfall and harvest losses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
334 Leonard St
Brooklyn, NY 11211
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.