There have been significant advances in our understanding of the effects of UV-B radiation on terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the description of mechanisms of plant response. A further area of highly interesting research emphasizes the importance of indirect UV radiation effects on plants, pathogens, herbivores, soil microbes and ecosystem processes below the surface. Although photosynthesis of higher plants and mosses is seldom affected by enhanced or reduced UV-B radiation in most field studies, effects on growth and morphology (form) of higher plants and mosses are often manifested. This can lead to small reductions in shoot production and changes in the competitive balance of different species. Fungi and bacteria are generally more sensitive to damage by UV-B radiation than are higher plants. However, the species differ in their UV-B radiation sensitivity to damage, some being affected while others may be very tolerant. This can lead to changes in species composition of microbial communities with subsequent influences on processes such as litter decomposition. Changes in plant chemical composition are commonly reported due to UV-B manipulations (either enhancement or attenuation of UV-B in sunlight) and may lead to substantial reductions in consumption of plant tissues by insects. Although sunlight does not penetrate significantly into soils, the biomass and morphology of plant root systems of plants can be modified to a much greater degree than plant shoots. Root mass can exhibit sizeable declines with more UV-B. Also, UV-B-induced changes in soil microbial communities and biomass, as well as altered populations of small invertebrates have been reported and these changes have important implications for mineral nutrient cycling in the soil. Many new developments in understanding the underlying mechanisms mediating plant response to UV-B radiation have emerged. This new information is helpful in understanding common responses of plants to UV-B radiation, such as diminished growth, acclimation responses of plants to UV-B radiation and interactions of plants with consumer organisms such as insects and plant pathogens. The response to UV-B radiation involves both the initial stimulus by solar radiation and transmission of signals within the plants. Resulting changes in gene expression induced by these signals may have elements in common with those elicited by other environmental factors, and generate overlapping functional (including acclimation) responses. Concurrent responses of terrestrial systems to the combination of enhanced UV-B radiation and other global change factors (increased temperature, CO2, available nitrogen and altered precipitation) are less well understood. Studies of individual plant responses to combinations of factors indicate that plant growth can be augmented by higher CO2 levels, yet many of the effects of UV-B radiation are usually not ameliorated by the elevated CO2. UV-B radiation often increases both plant frost tolerance and survival under extreme high temperature conditions. C...
1982. On the possible site of inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. -Physiol. Plant. 55: 161-166.In Amaranthus chloroplasts that are exposed to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, the electron flow from water to dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) was inhibited, but the electron flow from reduced DCPIP to methyl viologeri remains unaffected. Diphenylcarbazide was ineffective in restoring the activity of DCPIP HiU reaction in UV-B irradiated chloroplasts. Electron flow from water to ferricyaoide or dichlorodimethoxy-p-benzoquinone was inhibited to a degree similar to that of the DCPIP Hill reaction. The rate of carotenoid photobleaching in the presence of earbonyl cyanide-mchloropbenylhydrazone, an indicator of the photochemical reaction near the vicinity of reaction centre of photosystem II, was suppressed and paralleled with the inhibition of the DCPIP Hill reaction. In the UV-B treated chloroplasts, the variable part of the fluorescence transient was diminished. Though the fluorescence yield was lowered by the UV-B radiation, addition of 3-(3,4-dicMorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU) and/or sodium dithionite increased the emission markedly. With the increase in the dosage of UV-B irradiation, the time required to reach the steady state fluorescence levei became longer in the absence of DCMU and shorter in the presence of DCMU. The kinetics of 520 nm absorbance change was markedly unaltered by the UV-B irradiation but its dark decay was prolonged. It is concluded that UV-B irradiation inactivates the photosystem II reaction centre.A. M. Noorudeen and G. Kulandaivelu, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj Univ., Madurai 625 021, India. nm (UV-C) radiation on photosynthetic electron trans-Received
Cultures of Scenedesmus obliquus when grown heterotrophically for 10 or 30 days without addition of fresh medium showed 85 and 98% loss of their photosynthetic capacity respectively. This loss in photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by an increase in quantum requirement. No major changes in the pigment amounts or types were detected which would explain the decay in photosynthetic capacity. Partial reactions mediated by photosystem II or I showed a more or less constant decay over a period of 30 days. Photosystem II reactions appeared less stable than those of photosystem I, decaying by 95% as compared with 70%, over this time period. The results of comparative studies on aged cells for their potential of cytochrome f photooxidation, fluorescence kinetics, 520 nm absorbance change and the variable influence of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea and 2,5‐dibromo‐3‐methyl‐6‐isopropyl‐p‐benzoquinone on the photosynthetic capacity of such cells, suggest that it is the inherent ability of the cells to photooxidize plastohydroquinone which is affected primarily. In addition, secondary changes were noted in the activity of reactions on the water‐splitting side of photosystem II and in the P700 — plastocyanin — cytochrome f complex.
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