The epidemiology of a consecutive unselected series of adult distal humeral fractures is defined in this study. The majority of these fractures are best treated surgically by rigid open reduction and internal fixation, except for "low" Type A and C fractures, which have a higher risk of union complications. The role of total elbow arthroplasty to treat these more complex injuries requires further evaluation.

Aims The primary aim was to assess the independent influence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on 30-day mortality for patients with a hip fracture. The secondary aims were to determine whether: 1) there were clinical predictors of COVID-19 status; and 2) whether social lockdown influenced the incidence and epidemiology of hip fractures. Methods A national multicentre retrospective study was conducted of all patients presenting to six trauma centres or units with a hip fracture over a 46-day period (23 days pre- and 23 days post-lockdown). Patient demographics, type of residence, place of injury, presentation blood tests, Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, time to surgery, operation, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, anaesthetic, length of stay, COVID-19 status, and 30-day mortality were recorded. Results Of 317 patients with acute hip fracture, 27 (8.5%) had a positive COVID-19 test. Only seven (26%) had suggestive symptoms on admission. COVID-19-positive patients had a significantly lower 30-day survival compared to those without COVID-19 (64.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 45.7 to 83.3 vs 91.7%, 95% CI 88.2 to 94.8; p < 0.001). COVID-19 was independently associated with increased 30-day mortality risk adjusting for: 1) age, sex, type of residence (hazard ratio (HR) 2.93; p = 0.008); 2) Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (HR 3.52; p = 0.001); and 3) ASA (HR 3.45; p = 0.004). Presentation platelet count predicted subsequent COVID-19 status; a value of < 217 × 109/l was associated with 68% area under the curve (95% CI 58 to 77; p = 0.002) and a sensitivity and specificity of 63%. A similar number of patients presented with hip fracture in the 23 days pre-lockdown (n = 160) and 23 days post-lockdown (n = 157) with no significant (all p ≥ 0.130) difference in patient demographics, residence, place of injury, Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, time to surgery, ASA, or management. Conclusion COVID-19 was independently associated with an increased 30-day mortality rate for patients with a hip fracture. Notably, most patients with hip fracture and COVID-19 lacked suggestive symptoms at presentation. Platelet count was an indicator of risk of COVID-19 infection. These findings have implications for the management of hip fractures, in particular the need for COVID-19 testing.

We studied 123 patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) between 1979 and 2002. However, 90 occurred sporadically whereas 33 were associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and we used Cox's proportional hazards model to identify independent prognostic factors. A 5-year survival for 110 nonmetastatic patients was 54%; (33% NF1 and 63% sporadic P = .015). Tumour stage and site were significant prognostic indicators after univariate analysis. After multivariate analysis, however, only NF1 (P = .007) and tumour volume more than 200 m (P = .015) remained independent predictors of poor outcome. We recommend that NF1 be taken into account during MPNST staging. As the survival rate in the NF group was dependant on tumour volume, routine screening of these patients with FDG PET and/or MRI may be warranted, thereby staging and controlling them at the earliest possible opportunity.

We analysed which pre-operative factors could be used to predict the length of in-patient stay following unilateral primary total hip replacement undertaken for osteoarthritis. Data were collected prospectively from 2302 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement over a nine-year period. The relationships between the various pre-operative factors and length of stay were studied separately using either Student's t-test or Pearson's correlation, and then subjected to multiple linear regression analysis. The mean length of stay was 8.1 days (median 7; 3 to 58). After adjusting for the effects of other pre-operative factors, younger age, male gender, higher combined Harris hip function and activity score, higher general health perception dimension of the Short-Form 36 score, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use were all found to be significantly associated with a reduced length of stay.

Level III, case control study.

Background Refobacin Palacos R (RPR) is no longer produced and Palacos R + G (PRG) and Refobacin BoneCement R (RBC) have been introduced to supersede it. We performed an in vitro study to ascertain whether the handling and mechanical properties of the more recent cement preparations are different to those of their predecessor.Methods The 3 cements were tested to ISO 5833 and German DIN 53435 standards. In addition, their gentamicin elution, shrinkage, viscosity, and handling characteristics were studied.Results All 3 cements had comparable mechanical properties exceeding the ISO 5833 and DIN 53435 standards. They eluted similar amounts of gentamicin and had comparable shrinkage. In the batches tested, RBC showed statistically significantly longer handling curves. Both PRG and RBC had statistically significantly lower viscosities as they cured compared to their predecessor.Interpretation Surgeons must be aware that both successor cements do not appear to have handling curves and viscoelastic properties identical to those of RPR.

This study found that gentamicin and daptomycin were the only effective single-agent antibiotics against established Staphylococcus biofilms. Interestingly the addition of a bacteriostatic antibiotic was found to antagonize the ability of gentamicin to eradicate Staphylococcus biofilms.

Our results suggest that in clinical practice, extrinsic factors such as preparation conditions and methods probably play a more important role than the intrinsic variability of cements. However, variability in handling and viscosity will exist in all brands of cement prepared under theater conditions and the surgeon must be aware of why they may act differently.