The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of germination on the concentrations of some antinutritional factors in Lupinus albus and L luteus seeds. The seeds were germinated for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The alkaloid, phytic acid and a-galactoside changes were monitored by capillary gas chromatography and HPLC techniques. The rate of seed germination for both lupin species was lower in total darkness than when 8 h of light was supplied. The total alkaloid level was not significantly altered by 96 h germination of the seeds. Albine, zisolupanine, lupanine, multiflorine and 13-OH-lupanine were identified in L albus whereas lupinine, sparteine and lupanine were identified in L luteus. agalactoside levels were drastically reduced during germination of lupin seeds and stachyose was the predominant sugar in both species. The major inositol phosphate (IP6) appeared to be degraded to lower inositol phosphates during lupin seed germination. It is concluded that germination is a useful process to improve the nutritional value of lupin seeds.
The e †ect of germination conditions on some antinutrients of L ens culinaris var Magda 20 seeds were studied. The seeds were germinated at 20¡C under variable conditions of time, water and light. Quantitative analyses of the soyasapogenols, inositol phosphates and tannins were carried out by capillary gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric techniques respectively. Germinated seeds at day 6 contained higher levels soyasapogenol B than the controls, whereas in general the tannin content was reduced. Total phytic acid amounts did not decrease after 3 days of germination but was greatly reduced after 6 days. This work shows that the optimal conditions to reduce some antinutritional factors (tannins and phytic acid) in lentils were 6 days of seed germination in dark and with alternate watering. Therefore, germination conditions o †er a good opportunity to improve the nutritional quality of lentils.
Samples of bitter seeds of local ecotypes and cultivars of lupin (Lupin mutabilis), white and yellow ecotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) and a local ecotype of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) grown in the Peruvian highlands were analysed for total saponin content and sapogenol composition. Sweet cultivars of L albus and L luteus cultivated in mild-rainy lowlands of Chile were also analysed for comparison. Fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) of the saponin extracts and gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the sapogenols after acid hydrolysis of the crude extract were used for the identification and quantification of saponins. It was found that L albus and amaranth had undetectable levels of saponins making them attractive for human consumption. The cultivars and ecotypes of L mutabilis contained saponin levels in the range of 229.8-390.5 mg kg-'. FAB-MS showed the presence of soya saponins I and 11, whereas GC allowed the identification of soya sapogenols A and B. The same saponin composition was determined in L luteus whose total content was 55.3 mg kg-'. Saponin composition in quinoa seeds comprised oleanolic acid and three other sapogenols identified as hederagenin, phytolaccagenic acid and deoxyphytolaccagenic acid. Oleanolic acid saponins were found to be the main class of saponin in quinoa seeds sampled for this study. The yellow ecotype of quinoa presented a significantly higher content of saponins and of oleanolic acid as compared to white ecotypes. Since only one ecotype of amarinth was analysed, the nutritional significance of no detectable saponin needs further study. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Peruvian highlands are determinants of the amount and composition of saponins present in bitter lupin and quinoa.
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