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The global economy is rising continuously, with a 3-4% aggregate annual growth in output, which poses a severe threat to the environment due to a consistent rise in the use of fossil fuel. Given the disastrous climate change due to the industrialization and increasingly growing demands for energy, countries around the globe are devising strategies to curb the release of greenhouse gases. This study examines the role of environmental innovation, trade, and renewable energy consumption in the nexus between trade and CO 2 emissions for top 10 carbon emitter countries. The results suggest that there is evidence of cross-sectional dependency, and models are suffered from slope heterogeneity problem test popularized by Pesaran and Yamagata.The results of Westerlund cointegration method suggest that in there is long equilibrium relationship among CO 2 emissions and other variables such as environmental innovation, trade, and renewable energy consumption and income. The results of cross-sectionally augment autoregressive distributed lags (CS-ARDL) method suggest that in the long run, environmental innovation, trade, and renewable energy consumption and income are important factors in explaining consumption-based carbon emission and territory-based carbon emission.

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To investigate whether increasing trade openness results in more severe environmental problems, this study investigates the impact of trade openness on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using panel data from 64 countries along the Belt and Road from 2001–2019. Fully considering the potential heterogeneity, the panel quantile regression approach is utilized. Moreover, this study explores the three major mediating effects of the process, namely the energy-substitution effect, economic effect, and technology effect. The empirical results indicate that the improvement in trade openness has a significantly positive effect on CO2 emissions, and it also shows that the impact varies with different levels of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the indirect effect of trade openness on CO2 emissions via the economic effect is positive, while the indirect effect via the energy-substitution and the technology effect is negative. Therefore, it is necessary to improve renewable energy consumption, decrease energy intensity, and formulate related policies to reduce carbon emissions policies in terms of local conditions.

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With the accelerated development of the global economy, environmental issues have gradually become prominent, which in turn hinders further high-quality economic development. As one of the important driving factors, cross-border flowing foreign direct investment (FDI) has played a vital role in promoting economic development, but has also caused environmental degradation in most host countries. Utilizing panel data for the G20 economies from 1996 to 2018, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of FDI inflows on carbon emissions, and further explore the influence channels through the moderating effects of economic development and regulatory quality. To produce more robust and accurate results in this study, the approach of the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) is utilized. Meanwhile, this study also specifies the heteroscedasticity and correlated errors due to the large differences and serial correlations among the G20 economies. The results indicate that FDI inflows are positively associated with carbon emissions, as well as both economic development and regulatory quality negatively contribute to the impacts of FDI inflows on carbon emissions. It implies that although FDI inflows tend to increase the emissions of carbon dioxide, they are more likely to mitigate carbon emissions in countries with higher levels of economic development and regulatory quality. Therefore, the findings are informative for policymakers to formulate effective policies to help mitigate carbon emissions and eliminate environmental degradation.