IntroductionThe seed weight of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the major traits that determine soybean yield and is closely related to seed size. However, the genetic basis of the synergistic regulation of traits related to soybean yield is unclear.MethodsTo understand the molecular genetic basis for the formation of soybean yield traits, the present study focused on QTLs mapping for seed size and weight traits in different environments and target genes mining.ResultsA total of 85 QTLs associated with seed size and weight traits were identified using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from Guizao1×B13 (GB13). We also detected 18 environmentally stable QTLs. Of these, qSL-3-1 was a novel QTL with a stable main effect associated with seed length. It was detected in all environments, three of which explained more than 10% of phenotypic variance (PV), with a maximum of 15.91%. In addition, qSW-20-3 was a novel QTL with a stable main effect associated with seed width, which was identified in four environments. And the amount of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) varied from 9.22 to 21.93%. Five QTL clusters associated with both seed size and seed weight were summarized by QTL cluster identification. Fifteen candidate genes that may be involved in regulating soybean seed size and weight were also screened based on gene function annotation and GO enrichment analysis.DiscussionThe results provide a biologically basic reference for understanding the formation of soybean seed size and weight traits.
The facile construction of a cotton fabric with excellent
flame-retardant
and water-proof abilities is of great interest for multitask requirements.
Herein, a nonfluorine, highly efficient, and cost-effective multifunctional
cotton fabric was fabricated via sequentially depositing a novel multielement-containing
flame-retardant phosphorylated octa-aminopropyl POSS (PPA-POSS) and
a fluorine-free superhydrophobic coating of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67@poly(dimethylsiloxane)
(ZIF-67@PDMS). Influences of the PPA-POSS concentration and ZIF-67@PDMS
formula on the fire retardancy and water repellency of treated cotton
were systematically investigated. The optimized flame-retardant sample
CTF3 with 6.2 wt % PPA-POSS exhibited a high limiting oxygen index
(LOI) of 34% and self-extinguishing ability. CTF3 was further modified
with a properly formulated superhydrophobic ZIF-67@PDMS coating. CTF3-PHB2
displayed enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and outstanding
superhydrophobicity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results demonstrated
that CTF3-PHB2 presented a high char residue of 35.9%, which was 220.5%
higher than that of the control cotton (11.2%). More importantly,
the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and average
effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) values of CTF3-PHB2 were significantly
reduced by 51.4, 56.2, and 68.4%, respectively, compared with those
of a pure cotton fabric. Moreover, CTF3-PHB2 showed superhydrophobicity
(WCA > 159.3°) and good mechanical abrasion resistance. In
addition,
CTF3-PHB2 also showed protective abilities such as antifouling, self-cleaning,
and water/oil separation performances even for strong acid/alkali
mixtures. Thereby, it is believed that the PPA-POSS@ZIF-67@PDMS coating
is promising for application in multifunctional textile materials.
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