Fully convolutional neural networks (FCN) have been shown to achieve state-of-the-art performance on the task of classifying time series sequences. We propose the augmentation of fully convolutional networks with long short term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) sub-modules for time series classification. Our proposed models significantly enhance the performance of fully convolutional networks with a nominal increase in model size and require minimal preprocessing of the dataset. The proposed Long Short Term Memory Fully Convolutional Network (LSTM-FCN) achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to others. We also explore the usage of attention mechanism to improve time series classification with the Attention Long Short Term Memory Fully Convolutional Network (ALSTM-FCN). Utilization of the attention mechanism allows one to visualize the decision process of the LSTM cell. Furthermore, we propose fine-tuning as a method to enhance the performance of trained models. An overall analysis of the performance of our model is provided and compared to other techniques.

AIM:To a c h i e ve a b e tt e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e pathogenesis of new type gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV) and the relationship between NGVEV and host cells. M E T H O D S :

The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses that have a major impact on human and veterinary health. The viral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteinases. The crucial 3C proteinases (3Cpros) of picornaviruses share similar spatial structures and it is becoming apparent that 3Cpro plays a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus host interaction. Importantly, the proteinase and RNA-binding activity of 3Cpro are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. In addition, 3Cpro can induce the cleavage of certain cellular factors required for transcription, translation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Due to interactions between 3Cpro and these essential factors, 3Cpro is also involved in viral pathogenesis to support efficient infection. Furthermore, based on the structural conservation, the development of irreversible inhibitors and discovery of non-covalent inhibitors for 3Cpro are ongoing and a better understanding of the roles played by 3Cpro may provide insights into the development of potential antiviral treatments. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the structural features, multiple functions in the viral life cycle, pathogen host interaction, and development of antiviral compounds for 3Cpro is summarized.

In this paper, fault-tolerant consensus in multi-agent system using distributed adaptive protocol is investigated. Firstly, distributed adaptive online updating strategies for some parameters are proposed based on local information of the network structure. Then, under the online updating parameters, a distributed adaptive protocol is developed to compensate the fault effects and the uncertainty effects in the leaderless multi-agent system. Based on the local state information of neighboring agents, a distributed updating protocol gain is developed which leads to a fully distributed continuous adaptive fault-tolerant consensus protocol design for the leaderless multi-agent system. Furthermore, a distributed fault-tolerant leader-follower consensus protocol for multi-agent system is constructed by the proposed adaptive method. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

Flaviviridae-caused diseases are a critical, emerging public health problem worldwide. Flaviviridae infections usually cause severe, acute or chronic diseases, such as liver damage and liver cancer resulting from a hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and high fever and shock caused by yellow fever. Many researchers worldwide are investigating the mechanisms by which Flaviviridae cause severe diseases. Flaviviridae can interfere with the host’s innate immunity to achieve their purpose of proliferation. For instance, dengue virus (DENV) NS2A, NS2B3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5; HCV NS2, NS3, NS3/4A, NS4B and NS5A; and West Nile virus (WNV) NS1 and NS4B proteins are involved in immune evasion. This review discusses the interplay between viral non-structural Flaviviridae proteins and relevant host proteins, which leads to the suppression of the host’s innate antiviral immunity.

Repulsive force between the O-H bonding electrons and the O:H nonbonding pair within hydrogen bond (O-H:O) is an often overlooked interaction which dictates the extraordinary recoverability and sensitivity of water and ice. Here, we present a potential model for this hidden force opposing ice compression of ice VIII-X phase transition based on the density functional theory (DFT) and neutron scattering observations. We consider the H-O bond covalent force, the O:H nonbond dispersion force, and the hidden force to approach equilibrium under compression. Due to the charge polarization within the O:H-O bond, the curvatures of the H-O bond and the O:H nonbond potentials show opposite sign before transition, resulting in the asymmetric relaxation of H-O and O:H (O:H contraction and H-O elongation) and the H+ proton centralization towards phase X. When cross the VIII-X phase boundary, both H-O and O:H contract slightly. The potential model reproduces the VIII-X phase transition as observed in experiment. Development of the potential model may provide a choice for further calculations of water anomalies.

cThe Chinese virulent (CHv) strain of duck enteritis virus (DEV) has a genome of approximately 162,175 nucleotides with a GC content of 44.89%. Here we report the complete genomic sequence and annotation of DEV CHv, which offer an effective platform for providing authentic research experiences to novice scientists. In addition, knowledge of this virus will extend our general knowledge of DEV and will be useful for further studies of the mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis. D uck viral enteritis (DVE) is an acute, septic, contagious, and lethal disease that attacks ducks, geese, swans, and other members of the family Anatidae, order Anseriformes (6). The first known occurrence of DVE in the world was a major outbreak in the Netherlands in 1923 (1), and the first instance of DVE in China was reported in 1957. Nowadays, it is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of waterfowl in the Anatidae family and has severely affected the waterfowl industry because of its relatively high mortality and wide host range.Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is the causative agent of DVE and was alternatively known as anatid herpesvirus 1 (AnHV-1) and duck plague virus (DPV). It has been clustered in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, according to the eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (3). DEV may be closely related to mardiviruses, but it has not yet been classified in any genus. Lack of a genome sequence and genomic organization information is a factor that limits DEV taxonomy. Here we report the complete genomic sequence of the DEV Chinese virulent strain (CHv), which was isolated from infected ducks that showed a characteristic hemorrhagic button or bandlike lesions on the mucosal surface of the intestines.Construction of the library and sequencing of the DEV genome were performed as previously described (2). Considering the tandem duplication pattern of the DEV genome (5), we amplified the 5= and 3= ends of the DEV genome using a pair of primers. The shotgun library was sequenced and assembled.The DEV genome is linear, double-stranded DNA which consists of two covalently linked components, designated unique long (UL) and unique short (US), with each component consisting of unique sequences bracketed by the internal and terminal inverted repeat sequences (IRS and TRS, respectively): UL-IRS-US-TRS. The 5=-untranslated region (UTR) is 5,686 bp in length and contains 25 TATA boxes, 8 CAAT boxes, 8 poly(A)s, and 1 GC box, while the corresponding component of 3= UTR has 3, 13, 4, and 7, respectively. All of them are regarded as potential transcriptional regulatory elements. Also, the 3= UTR possesses seven tandem repeats which can be defined as minisatellites, since the length of the repeat unit reaches up to 40 nt (4).A total of 78 ORFs were predicted to code the potential functional protein. Of these ORFs, 65 and 11 ORFs are located in the UL and US regions, respectively, whereas the remaining two (ICP4/IE180) are located completely in the IRS and TRS regions. It is worth n...

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that induces the expression of antiviral genes and viral genes. NF-κB activation needs the activation of NF-κB upstream molecules, which include receptors, adaptor proteins, NF-κB (IκB) kinases (IKKs), IκBα, and NF-κB dimer p50/p65. To survive, viruses have evolved the capacity to utilize various strategies that inhibit NF-κB activity, including targeting receptors, adaptor proteins, IKKs, IκBα, and p50/p65. To inhibit NF-κB activation, viruses encode several specific NF-κB inhibitors, including NS3/4, 3C and 3C-like proteases, viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), phosphodegron-like (PDL) motifs, viral protein phosphatase (PPase)-binding proteins, and small hydrophobic (SH) proteins. Finally, we briefly describe the immune evasion mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by inhibiting NF-κB activity in productive and latent infections. This paper reviews a viral mechanism of immune evasion that involves the suppression of NF-κB activation to provide new insights into and references for the control and prevention of viral diseases.