It is known that the micro-strain in cold worked iron can be evaluated by the classical Williamson-Hall method using the three data of diffraction peaks: {110}, {211} and {220}. It is not clarified that the obtained value gives the true micro-strain or not. In addition, the accuracy of analysis is not so high because the diffraction strength from {220} plane is generally very weak. In this paper, three methods, i.e. classical Williamson-Hall method, Diffraction Young's Modulus Correction method and Direct Fitting method, ware attempted to reconfirm the reasonability of the classical Williamson-Hall method and to estimate accurate values of the parameter α and the micro-strain ε in the Williamson-Hall equation. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Elastic anisotropy in the Williamson-Hall plots is corrected using the parameter ω which relates to the values of diffraction Young's modulus. 2) The optimal values of parameter ω can be determined by the Direct Fitting method, which can be used to determine the timely orientation-dependent diffraction Young's modulus (E * hkl) in cold worked specimens. 3) It was confirmed that the classical Williamson-Hall method can generally give reliable values for the parameter α and the microstrain ε. 4) No large difference is found for the values of micro-strain ε from the three methods. 5) There is a clear linearity between the micro-strain ε and yield stress in cold rolled iron specimens.
Photoelectrochemical
(PEC) splitting of water into H2 and O2 by direct
use of sunlight is an ideal strategy
for the production of clean and renewable energy, which fundamentally
relies on the exploration of advanced photoanodes with high performance.
In the present work, we report that single-crystal integrated photoanodes,
that is, 4H-SiC nanohole arrays (active materials)
and SiC wafer substrate (current collector), are established into
a totally single-crystal configuration without interfaces, which was
based on a two-step electrochemical etching process. The as-fabricated
SiC photoanode showed a rather low onset potential of −0.016
V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a high photocurrent density
of 3.20 mA/cm2 vs RHE 1.23 V, which were both superior
to those of all reported SiC ones. Furthermore, such a rationally
designed photoanode exhibited a fast photoresponse, wide photoresponse
wavelength range, and long-term stability, representing its overall
excellent PEC performance.
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