Background-The evaluation of new therapeutic modalities to induce collateral growth in coronary artery disease require improved methods of angiographic characterization of collaterals, which should be validated by quantitative assessment of collateral function. Methods and Results-In 100 patients with total chronic occlusion of a major coronary artery (duration Ͼ2 weeks) collaterals were assessed angiographically by the Rentrop grading, by their anatomic location, and by a new grading of collateral connections (CC grade 0: no continuous connection, CC1: threadlike continuous connection, CC2: side branch-like connection). The interobserver variability was 10%. Collateral function was assessed by Doppler flow (average peak velocity) and pressure recordings distal to the occlusion before recanalization. A collateral resistance index (R Coll ) was calculated. Recruitable collateral flow was measured during a final balloon inflation Ͼ30 minutes after the baseline measurement. The comparison of the anatomic location, the Rentrop, and the collateral connection grade showed only for the latter an independent and significant relation with R Coll . CC2 collaterals preserved regional left ventricular function better than did CC1 collaterals and provided a higher collateral flow reserve during adenosine infusion. CC0 collaterals were predominantly observed in recent occlusions of 2 to 4 weeks' duration, with the highest R Coll . During balloon reocclusion, recruitable collateral function was best preserved with CC2 and least with CC0. Conclusions-The angiographic grading of collateral connections in total chronic occlusions could differentiate collaterals according to their functional capacity to preserve regional left ventricular function and was closely associated with invasively determined parameters of collateral hemodynamics.

Our data suggest that B19V but not HBoV demonstrates a lifelong persistence in the heart. The detection of B19V DNA in heart tissue showed no correlation with clinical symptoms. We strongly recommend that serological testing become a standardized procedure for future studies, to obtain representative data concerning the prevalence of B19V in the heart.

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The different findings regarding the presence of apoptotic cells suggest a contribution of pathobiological pathways in the patients with DM to the underlying heart disease.

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