Objective: To investigate the role of time perspective and desire for control in selfreported substance use and to test for a moderating effect of desire for control in the relation between time perspective and substance use. Procedure: A random sample of 240 persons, aged 15 years and over, selected in various public spaces in an urban region in central France. Main outcome measures: Time perspective was measured using subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), Desire for control was measured using a translated version of the Desire for Control Scale (DCS, Burger & Cooper, 1979), and substance use was selfreported. Results: After controlling for age and gender, significant links were found between time perspective and substance use. Desire for control did not appear to be directly related to substance use. The interaction effect between TP and desire for control appeared to be related to substance use. There was evidence that the relation between TP and substance use is buffered by low desire for control. Conclusion: This study converges with previous studies demonstrating the relation between TP and substance use, but provides evidence of the moderating role played by desire for control. Desire for control thus appears as worthy of interest in the analysis of selfregulatory process, and further research on the links between TP and various aspects of control is required. In order to be more effective, the design of future studies and interventions based on time-related issues should consider how desire for control plays a part in establishing vulnerability profiles.

Two experiments examined the relationships between the knowledge that another person has won in a gamble, the illusion of control and risk taking. Participants played a computer-simulated French roulette game individually. Before playing, some participants learnt that another person won a large amount of money. Results from a first experiment (n = 24) validated a causal model where the knowledge of another person's win increased the illusion of control, measured with betting times, expectancy and self-reports on scales, which in turn encourages risk taking. In the second experiment (n = 36), some participants were told the previous player acknowledged the win to be fortuitous. The suppression of the belief that the previous winner had himself exerted control over the outcome resulted in lower rates of risk-taking behaviors. This suggests that it was not the knowledge of another person's win in itself that increased risk taking, but rather, the belief that the other person had some control over the gamble's outcome. Theoretical implications for the study of social mechanisms involved in gambling behavior are discussed.

This short paper aims to untangle the effect of loss-framing versus gain and non-gain; explaining when, how and why it influences individuals' intentions to engage in cholesterol screening. We argue that framing-effects are (1) significant only when individuals perceive the issue to be highly relevant and (2) are mediated by perceived negative consequences (resulting from undergoing the test) and response-efficacy. In a 2(issue-relevance: high vs low) × 3(framing: gain vs non-gain vs loss) experiment, 229 participants received a message and answered to a questionnaire measuring personal relevance, perceived negative consequences, response-efficacy, intention. Results validated a mediation model, explaining that lossframing is more persuasive than non-gain, which is more persuasive than gain-framing, partly because of their effect on individuals' perceptions of response-efficacy.

The research considers the influence of choice (the possibility for the player to choose a gamble or another) and involvement (the physical interaction with the gambling device) on risk taking in gambling games and whether this influence is mediated by illusory control over the outcome of the gamble. Results of a laboratory experiment (n = 100) show that (a) although choice does increase illusory control, this influence does not translate in increased risk taking, and (b) whilst involvement does increase risk taking, this effect is not mediated by illusory control. These results are discussed in relation to problem gambling, beliefs in the deployability of personal luck, and arousal approaches to risk taking.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.Photo Credit goes to Linda A. Cicero/Stanford News Service, who kindly granted us the use of her picture on our cover.

Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 2004, 36:4, 310-320 RésuméLa présente étude se propose de tester l'effet de l'annonce du résultat d'autrui sur la prise de risque et la perception d'adresse des participants dans un jeu de roulette française. Il était supposé que l'annonce de ce résultat constituerait un point de référence dans le codage des différentes options de pari. Les résultats montrent que l'annonce du résultat d'autrui induit une accentuation de la prise de risque : plus le montant annoncé est important, plus les joueurs choisissent des paris risqués. Les résultats concernant la perception d'adresse ont révélé que les participants confrontés à la perte d'autrui sont ceux qui estiment que l'adresse intervient le plus dans un jeu de roulette. La discussion porte sur le fait que le gain d'autrui pourrait servir de niveau d'aspiration. Ainsi, les gens auraient, lors de la pratique des jeux de hasard et d'argent, un objectif intermédiaire, le prestige, conditionnellement préférable aux valeurs attendues constantes.

In health-promotional campaigns, positive and negative role models can be deployed to illustrate the benefits or costs of certain behaviors. The main purpose of this article is to investigate why, how, and when exposure to role models strengthens the persuasiveness of a message, according to regulatory fit theory. We argue that exposure to a positive versus a negative model activates individuals' goals toward promotion rather than prevention. By means of two experiments, we demonstrate that high levels of persuasion occur when a message advertising healthy dietary habits offers a regulatory fit between its framing and the described role model. Our data also establish that the effects of such internal regulatory fit by vicarious experience depend on individuals' perceptions of response-efficacy and self-efficacy. Our findings constitute a significant theoretical complement to previous research on regulatory fit and contain valuable practical implications for health-promotional campaigns.

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