During the last two decades public administration and public services have undergone profound changes with far-reaching impacts on employment relations and working conditions. The paper presents the perceptions and lived experiences of workers affected by liberalization and privatization of public services. In doing so it focuses on workers' ideas of fairness and dignity at work using the concepts of distribution, recognition and the public ethos of the common good and linking them to fundamental principles of justice. It is argued that the perception of inequalities as fair, while it is shaped by custom, is also being socially constructed during far-reaching changes. The analysis is based on a series of qualitative interviews conducted in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with postal-service workers, a sector well suited for the analysis because of the far-reaching changes in terms of market regulation, ownership of organizations, labour regulation, employment and working conditions.
Les classifications socioprofessionnelles révèlent les visions et divisions du monde social moderne qu’elles sont supposées décrire. Ces schèmes de représentation des structures sociales varient d’une façon étonnante en fonction de l’histoire et de la culture qui les conçoivent. Ils sont étroitement liés aux conceptions respectives du rôle de l’État et à la logique de régulation juridico-administrative des populations auxquelles ils s’appliquent. L’exemple allemand illustre particulièrement bien l’affinité élective entre État et représentation statistique du monde social. Ses catégories socioprofessionnelles ont été octroyées à l’époque de Bismarck et n’ont plus bougé depuis lors. Dans cet article, nous essaierons d’élucider les conditions historiques qui ont rendu possible une telle inertie et d’en analyser les conséquences sur le plan des représentations des réalités sociales, en choisissant les PCS françaises comme base de comparaison. Nous conclurons sur une réflexion générale autour des enjeux de la construction d’un espace européen unifié et uniformisé des représentations statistiques du monde social.
The globalization of the art world and its limits With the end of the Second World War the contours and the weighting of the continents and regions of the world map of art shifted massively. The division of Europe, the rise of the USA as a super power, the beginning of the Cold War and the worldwide triumph of Western capitalism did not fail to have an effect on the sphere of art. The rapid and lasting erosion of French hegemony in the art market and of the predominant role of Paris in the production, circulation and consecration of art after the war was accompanied by the equally swift rise of abstract expressionism and pop art, as a result of which New York developed into the leading art metropolis in the course of the 1960s. And to the present day it has maintained this position of power and monopoly, enabling it to determine the canon of what was now called contemporary art. Around the middle of the 1980s an opening of the art world took place which is frequently associated with the transition from the modern to the socalled post-modern age in art and with the dynamics of contemporary art itself. The appearance of young artists from post-colonial contexts at the Paris exhibition "Magiciens de la Terre" in 1989 is an exemplary, ever emblematic sign of the increased inclusion of non-Western actors in an art scene whose mapping had hitherto been almost exclusively restricted to North America and Europe. The historical and paradigmatic upheaval symbolized by the year 1989 and characterized by the end of a bipolar world order is accompanied by an increasing and widely attested globalization. The art world, organized around the museums, galleries, fairs, auctions, biennials, the throngs of artists, collectors, curators, critics and a steadily growing public, did not remain untouched by this change. The transformations of the world of art
La comparaison interculturelle constitue l'un des instruments herméneutiques les plus fructueux en sciences sociales. Par contre, ses implications théoriques et méthodologiques particulièrement difficiles à maîtriser en font un terrain de recherche attirant les erreurs épistémologiques et de fausses compréhensions en guise d'interprétations scientifiques, allant de pair avec un manque de vigilance et de réflexivité dans la construction de l'objet de la comparaison. Dans un premier temps, de telles erreurs épistémologiques seront illustrées, intégrées dans une typologie et soumises à une polémique en partant d'un objet empirique doublement circonscrit. A partir de quelques comparaisons de mesures d'ordre de politique sociale en France et en R.F.A., l'article tente d'esquisser une reconstruction socio-génétique de leurs particularités en opposant les deux configurations socio-culturelles d'une manière "idéal-typique" en tant que "société assurantielle" en ce qui concerne la France et "Etat providence" en ce qui concerne le cas allemand. Finalement, les deux "logiques du social" se trouvent reconstruites en partant de leur émergence socio-historique respective et en se concentrant plus particulièrement sur les spécificités du cas allemand.
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