or as long as the game of baseball has been played, hitting has intrigued players, coaches, and researchers alike. Advancing technology has facilitated the ability to capture the act of hitting and analyze the mechanics involved. In 1961, Race (14), with the aid of a 16mm movie camera and the swings of 17 minor league players, presented one of the first effective qualitative and quantitative breakdowns of the overall swing. The concepts of kinetic linking, angular measurement, balance, and judgment time were introduced and supported with data.In subsequent studies, the ability to transform standard film and video into a three-dimensional representation of the captured hitting motion not only increased the accuracy of measurement, but introduced new analysis parameters. Using this technology, Shapiro (17), in a study of bat dynamics, described the bat's movement during the swing using the three-dimensional components of its motion, while DeRenne (4), through a series of studies, developed an elaborate method of assessing a hitter's mechanical efficiency.The combination of biomechanical research and traditional baseball knowledge has begun the process of research and investigation (1,6,7,12, 18.19 been developed, we can move on to investigate the intricacies of specific mechanical parameters and relate this information to a hitter's ability at the plate. The goal of this study was to develop an understanding of baseline mechanics through quantitative biomechanical data and provide a preliminary synthesis of results for the application to training and rehabilitation. METHODS Testing ProcedureThirty-nine (25 right-handed hitters and 14 left-handed hitters) male professional baseball players were tested at an indoor biomechanics facility. In order to maintain uniformity in the population used for this study, only the right-handed subjects were considered. Of the 25 right-handed hitters, only those who had at least 100 "at-bats" and a minimum batting average of .250 during the 1993 season were included. Each minor league player's batting statistics were combined for all clubs and organizations played with during the 1993 season.Data included in this study, based on the defined criteria, were generated from seven subjects. The mean batting average for the subjects was .293 ( t .OX) and the average number of "at-bats" was 273 ( t 168). The
A dynamic, in vivo, functional analysis of braces designed for ACL insufficiency has never been reported. In this study, 14 athletes who had arthroscopically proven absent ACLs were evaluated in the Biomechanics Laboratory at the Centinela Hospital Medical Center. None of the ligaments were repaired or reconstructed. Footswitch, high speed photography, and force place data were recorded while the athletes performed running and cutting maneuvers with and without their custom fitted C.Ti. braces (Innovation Sports, Irvine, CA). Cybex testing, KT-1000 evaluation, and radiographs were collected for each subject. Statistical analysis showed that while performing cutting maneuvers, braced limbs generated significantly increased shear forces compared to the same limb unbraced. During straight line running, braced limbs generated significantly less lateral and aft shear forces compared to the same limb unbraced. Running velocity increased while wearing a brace for most athletes, but this was not statistically significant. As expected, the sound limb generated significantly greater shear forces than the unbraced involved limb during most cutting maneuvers. Athletes who did not achieve 80% of the Cybex (Cybex, Division of Lumex, Ronkonkoma, NY) quadriceps torque of the sound limb generated significantly more forces during cutting maneuvers while wearing their braces. The cutting angle, approach time to the cut, and time on the force plate showed no significant differences during brace wear. We conclude that the C.Ti brace allows significantly better running and cutting performances for athletes who have torn ACLs. Athletes who have not achieved 80% of quadricep strength as measured by Cybex testing showed even more improvement while wearing their braces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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